stage(elp): consolidate scattered lang work — full-lexicon vocabulary + profiles

Backfill ELP vocabulary from FULL lexicons (UniMorph + kaikki.org Wiktionary,
real gender/inflections) for 8 languages, 812,894 entries total, in the proven
seed-fn format matching the 18 ancient vocabularies:
  es 72,032 | fr 130,517 | de 144,692 | la 22,590 | it 193,675 | pt 115,772 |
  ro 86,504 | ca 47,112
4 of these (es fr de la) backfill ELP languages that had morphology but no
vocabulary; it/pt/ro/ca are new Romance (need morphology-*.el ports next).
Adds lang_profile_* for all 8 + reproducible generators under tests/lang-gen.
Vocab is runtime seed data (not in build manifest, like the 18 ancients);
seed-fn format validated to compile to C via elc.
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;;; lang_profile_ca.el — Catalan language profile for ELP.
;;; Mirrors lang_profile_it / _es / _pt; keys the realizer's construction switches.
;;; Catalan is the CLOSEST Romance sibling to the shared engine (~85% conceptual
;;; reuse). The deltas: PRONOMS FEBLES with four position allomorphs, l'-elision,
;;; del/al/pel contractions, the periphrastic preterite (vaig+INF), and NO
;;; essere/avere split (perfect aux is always HAVER; ser/estar is only the copula).
(lang_profile_ca
(language "Catalan")
(iso639 "ca")
(family "Romance")
;; ── core typology flags ────────────────────────────────────────────────
(pro-drop yes) ; null subjects default; overt pronoun = emphatic
(obligatory-subject no)
(grammatical-gender yes) ; m/f; full NP agreement (art + adj + participle)
(do-support no)
(subject-aux-inversion no) ; yes/no Q = declarative order + '?'; no inversion
(article-selection "el/la/l'/els/les ; un/una/uns/unes") ; l'-ELISION:
; el/la -> l' before vowel or (silent) h, glued to
; the next word (l'home, l'illa); de -> d' before vowel
(article-drives-contraction yes) ; article choice feeds prep+article contraction
(adjective-position "postnominal-default + small prenominal class") ; bo/bon,
; mal, gran, nou, vell, primer, molt... prenominal
(question-punct plain) ; ? and ! only (no inverted ¿ ¡)
;; ── MANDATORY prep+article contractions ────────────────────────────────
(contractions ((de el del) (de els dels)
(a el al) (a els als)
(per el pel) (per els pels)))
(contraction-mandatory yes) ; *de el -> del obligatory
(contraction-blocked-before-elision yes) ; de l'home / a l'home (NO *del home)
;; ── clitic system: PRONOMS FEBLES (the headline delta) ──────────────────
(clitics yes)
(clitic-allomorphy four-position) ; per pronoun, form varies by position+onset:
; reinforced (em, et, el) proclitic before a consonant
; elided (m', t', l', n') proclitic before a vowel/h
; full (-me, -lo, -li) enclitic after a consonant/-r
; reduced ('m, 't, 'l, 'ns) enclitic after a vowel
(clitic-placement ((finite proclitic) ; el veig, no m'ho dóna
(imperative-affirmative enclitic) ; dóna'm, digues-me
(imperative-negative present-subjunctive) ; no parlis (delta)
(infinitive enclitic) ; ajudar-me, veure'l
(gerund enclitic))) ; fent-ho
(clitic-combination ((me el "me'l") (te el "te'l") (se el "se'l")
(me la "me la") (me en "me'n")
(li el "l'hi") (li en "n'hi"))) ; dative+accusative clusters
(clitic-particles (hi en ho)) ; locative hi, partitive/genitive en, neuter ho
;; ── verb / aspect system ───────────────────────────────────────────────
(finite-agreement "person+number (6-way)")
(tenses (present imperfet preterit-simple perifrastic-preterit futur
condicional subjuntiu-present subjuntiu-imperfet imperatiu))
(periphrastic-preterite "vaig/vas/va/vam/vau/van + INFINITIVE") ; << hallmark CA
; (vaig cantar = 'I sang'); coexists w/ synthetic pret.
(compound-past "pretèrit perfet = haver(present) + participle")
(perfect-aux "HAVER only") ; << NO essere/avere split (simpler than IT)
(participle-agreement ((haver preceding-acc-clitic))) ; les he vistes; else invariable
(progressive-aux "estar + gerundi")
(copula "ser / estar") ; ser: identity/essential/origin; estar:
; location + transient state (estic cansat, és a casa)
(passive-aux "ser (+ per-agent)")
(future inflectional) ; cantaré, serà
(comparative "més/menys ADJ que")
;; ── SACRED safety bar (shared with es/pt/it/en) ────────────────────────
(negation-faithful yes) ; polarity never dropped/inverted; unplaceable -> FLAG
(negation "no (preverbal) + optional 'pas' + concord") ; no...res/
; ningú/mai/cap/gens/enlloc
(negative-concord yes) ; preverbal negative subject (ningú) keeps 'no'
(neg-reinforcer pas)) ; optional (no ho faré pas)
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;;; lang_profile_de.el — German language profile for ELP.
;;; Mirrors lang_profile_en / lang_profile_es. Keys the realizer's construction
;;; switches. German is the largest Germanic delta from the EN engine: V2 word
;;; order, four morphological cases, and separable-prefix verbs.
(lang_profile_de
(language "German")
(iso639 "de")
(family "Germanic")
(neighbor-base "en") ; realized by extending the English (Germanic) engine
;; ── core typology flags ────────────────────────────────────────────────
(pro-drop no) ; obligatory subject in finite clauses
(obligatory-subject yes)
(grammatical-gender (m f n)) ; three genders; drives article + adj declension
(case-system (nom acc dat gen)) ; four cases on articles/adjs/nouns
(word-order V2) ; finite verb 2nd in main clause
(subordinate-order verb-final) ; "..., dass er den Hund SIEHT."
(separable-verbs yes) ; aufstehen -> "steht ... auf"; ppart "aufgestanden"
(do-support no) ; German negates/questions the finite verb directly
(subject-verb-inversion yes) ; yes/no Q fronts finite verb; wh-Q fills Vorfeld
(article-selection "der/die/das + ein/kein") ; declined by case x gender x number
(adjective-position prenominal)
(adjective-declension (strong weak mixed)) ; chosen by the determiner type
(noun-capitalization yes)
;; ── verb / aspect system ───────────────────────────────────────────────
(finite-agreement "person-and-number") ; full present/past paradigm
(auxiliary-order (modal tense-aux perfect passive main))
(perfect-aux (haben sein)) ; sein for intransitive motion/change verbs
(passive-aux "werden")
(future "werden + infinitive")
(comparative "synthetic (-er / -st, with umlaut)")
;; ── negation ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
(negation-markers (nicht kein)) ; kein- negates an indefinite NP; nicht else
(negation-faithful yes) ; SACRED: polarity never dropped/inverted -> FLAG
;; ── lexicon provenance ─────────────────────────────────────────────────
(lexicon-source "UniMorph deu (primary) + kaikki.org German (gender override)")
(lexicon-license "CC-BY-SA 3.0 / GFDL"))
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;;; lang_profile_en.el — English language profile for ELP.
;;; Mirrors lang_profile_es / lang_profile_pt; keys the realizer's construction
;;; switches. English is typologically distinct from the Romance builds, so the
;;; flags differ where the grammar differs.
(lang_profile_en
(language "English")
(iso639 "en")
(family "Germanic")
;; ── core typology flags ────────────────────────────────────────────────
(pro-drop no) ; OBLIGATORY subjects — missing subject is FLAGGED
(obligatory-subject yes)
(grammatical-gender no) ; natural gender only (he/she/it), no NP agreement
(do-support yes) ; negation & questions of lexical verbs insert do/does/did
(subject-aux-inversion yes) ; yes/no + non-subject wh questions invert the operator
(article-selection "a/an/the") ; a/an resolved PHONOLOGICALLY (an hour, a university)
(adjective-position prenominal) ; attributive adjectives precede the noun; invariant
(has-tag-questions yes) ; "...doesn't he?" — operator + reversed polarity
(has-there-existential yes) ; "there is/are/have been ..."
(possessive-clitic "'s") ; saxon genitive; plural in -s -> bare apostrophe
(question-punct plain) ; ? and ! only (no inverted marks)
;; ── verb / aspect system ───────────────────────────────────────────────
(finite-agreement "3sg-present-only") ; only 3sg present -s (+ suppletive be)
(auxiliary-order (modal perfect progressive passive main))
(perfect-aux "have") ; have + past participle
(progressive-aux "be") ; be + present participle
(passive-aux "be") ; be + past participle (+ by-agent)
(future "will + base") ; no inflectional future
(comparative "synthetic-or-periphrastic") ; -er/-est vs more/most by syllables
;; ── SACRED safety bar (shared with es/pt) ──────────────────────────────
(negation-faithful yes) ; polarity never dropped/inverted; unplaceable -> FLAG
;; ── DIALECT overlay (post-realization, one core -> US/UK/AU) ────────────
(dialect US) ; default; profile field switches the overlay
(dialects (US UK AU))
(dialect-canonical US) ; core is authored in US orthography
(dialect-overlay "dialect_en.to_dialect") ; orthography + lexis + grammar prefs
(dialect-covers (spelling lexis collective-agreement gotten/got)))
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;;; lang_profile_es.el — Spanish language profile for ELP.
;;; Keys the realizer's construction switches. Mirrors lang_profile_en / _pt.
(lang_profile_es
(language "Spanish")
(iso639 "es")
(family "Romance")
;; -- core typology flags -------------------------------------------------
(pro-drop yes) ; subjects routinely dropped; agreement carries person
(obligatory-subject no)
(grammatical-gender yes) ; m/f on every noun; article+adjective AGREE
(gender-source lexicon); REAL per-noun gender from UniMorph — NOT a heuristic
(do-support no)
(subject-aux-inversion no) ; questions by intonation/punctuation, not inversion
(question-strategy intonation)
(article-selection "el/la/los/las un/una/unos/unas")
(stressed-a-rule yes) ; fem sg noun in stressed a-/ha- takes el/un (el agua)
(adjective-position postnominal) ; default post; a few prenominal + apocope
(adjective-agreement "gender+number")
(question-punct inverted) ; opening ¿ ¡ required
;; -- MANDATORY CONTRACTIONS (coordinator quality bar) --------------------
(contractions ((de el "del") (a el "al")))
(contraction-mandatory yes) ; 'de el'/'a el' MUST surface as del/al
;; -- verb / aspect system ------------------------------------------------
(verb-classes (ar er ir))
(tenses (present preterite imperfect future conditional))
(moods (ind sbjv imp))
(finite-agreement "person+number (6 slots)")
(perfect-aux "haber") ; haber + past participle (invariant -o)
(progressive-aux "estar") ; estar + gerund
(passive-aux "ser") ; ser + participle (agrees) + por-agent
(copula-split "ser/estar") ; permanent vs stage-level
(future "infinitive + é/ás/á/emos/éis/án")
;; -- clitics / government ------------------------------------------------
(object-clitics yes) ; me te lo la le nos os los las; proclisis/enclisis
(clitic-order "se II I III (le+lo -> se lo)")
(enclisis "imperative/infinitive/gerund + accent repair (dá+me+lo->dámelo)")
(verb-prep-government yes) ; verbs select prep (protestar+contra, escapar+de)
;; -- SACRED safety bar (shared with en/pt) -------------------------------
(negation-faithful yes)) ; polarity never dropped/inverted; unplaceable -> FLAG
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;;; lang_profile_fr.el — French language profile for ELP.
;;; Mirrors lang_profile_it / lang_profile_es; keys the realizer's construction
;;; switches. French is a Romance sibling (~54% of the realizer code and the whole
;;; clause-engine architecture reused), but carries the family's biggest surface
;;; deltas: NOT pro-drop, DISCONTINUOUS negation, and an orthography/phonology
;;; mismatch (elision, liaison) that makes exact-match genuinely hard.
(lang_profile_fr
(language "French")
(iso639 "fr")
(family "Romance")
;; ── core typology flags ────────────────────────────────────────────────
(pro-drop no) ; << French-specific: subject clitic OBLIGATORY
(obligatory-subject yes) ; je/tu/il/elle/nous/vous/ils/elles always overt
(grammatical-gender yes) ; m/f; full NP agreement (art + adj + participle)
(do-support no)
(subject-aux-inversion optional) ; est-ce que (default) OR clitic inversion (vas-tu)
(article-selection "le/la/l'/les ; un/une/des ; PARTITIVE du/de la/de l'/des")
(article-drives-contraction yes) ; à+le=au, de+le=du feed off article choice
(adjective-position "postnominal-default + prenominal-BAGS") ; beau/bon/grand/
; petit/jeune/vieux/nouveau + ordinals prenominal
; (beau->bel, nouveau->nouvel, vieux->vieil / vowel)
(question-punct "space-before") ; French typography: ' ?' ' !' (no ¿¡)
;; ── elision (orthography/phonology mismatch — French-specific) ──────────
(elision ((le l') (la l') (je j') (ne n') (de d') (que qu')
(me m') (te t') (se s') (ce c'))) ; before vowel / h-muet
(elision-h-muet yes) ; l'homme, l'hôpital (h-aspiré exception list kept)
(liaison noted-not-modeled) ; phonological, not written in surface
;; ── MANDATORY prep+article contractions ────────────────────────────────
(contractions ((à le au) (à les aux) (de le du) (de les des)))
(contraction-mandatory yes) ; *à le -> au obligatory; à la / à l' uncontracted
(partitive ((m-sg du) (f-sg "de la") (vowel "de l'") (pl des)))
(partitive-under-neg "de") ; << gap in current build: 'ne … pas de pain'
;; ── clitic system ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────
(clitics yes)
(clitic-order (me te se nous vous | le la les | lui leur | y | en))
(clitic-placement ((finite proclitic) ; je le lui donne
(imperative-affirmative enclitic-hyphen) ; donne-le-moi
(imperative-negative "ne+proclitic+verb+pas") ; ne le donne pas
(infinitive enclitic))) ; PARTIAL: clitic-climbing
; onto infinitive under modal
(clitic-imperative-shift ((me moi) (te toi))) ; final me/te -> moi/toi (donne-moi)
(clitic-particles (y en)) ; locative y, partitive/genitive en
;; ── verb / aspect system ───────────────────────────────────────────────
(finite-agreement "person+number (written; many homophones)")
(tenses (présent imparfait passé-simple futur conditionnel
subjonctif-présent subjonctif-imparfait impératif))
(compound-past "passé-composé = aux(present) + participe passé")
(perfect-aux "être/avoir (LEXICAL selection)") ; << French-specific
(etre-aux-class "intransitive motion/change (aller venir arriver partir
entrer sortir monter descendre naître mourir rester
tomber retourner passer devenir revenir rentrer) + ALL
pronominal verbs")
(participle-agreement ((être subject) ; elle est allée / elles venues
(avoir preceding-direct-object))) ; je les ai vus
(progressive "être en train de + infinitif") ; no dedicated aux
(copula "être (single; no ser/estar, no essere/stare)")
(passive-aux "être (+ par-agent)")
(future inflectional) ; parlera, sera
(comparative "plus/moins ADJ que")
(superlative "le/la plus ADJ (de …)") ; PARTIAL word-order in build
;; ── SACRED safety bar (shared with es/pt/it/en) ────────────────────────
(negation-faithful yes) ; polarity never dropped/inverted; unplaceable -> FLAG
(negation "DISCONTINUOUS: ne (preverbal) … pas/jamais/rien/personne/
plus/guère/que (postverbal)") ; << biggest structural delta
(negation-ne-elides yes) ; ne -> n' before vowel (n'ai pas vu)
(negation-passe-composé "ne + aux + pas + participe") ; n'ai pas vu
(negative-concord partial)) ; personne/rien as arguments post-participle
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;;; lang_profile_it.el — Italian language profile for ELP.
;;; Mirrors lang_profile_es / lang_profile_pt; keys the realizer's construction
;;; switches. Italian is a Romance sibling, so ~85% of the flags match ES/PT; the
;;; essere/avere auxiliary split and phonological article selection are the deltas.
(lang_profile_it
(language "Italian")
(iso639 "it")
(family "Romance")
;; ── core typology flags ────────────────────────────────────────────────
(pro-drop yes) ; null subjects default; overt pronoun = emphatic
(obligatory-subject no)
(grammatical-gender yes) ; m/f; full NP agreement (art + adj + participle)
(do-support no)
(subject-aux-inversion no) ; yes/no Q = declarative order + '?'; no inversion
(article-selection "il/lo/l'/i/gli + la/l'/le ; un/uno/un'/una") ; PHONOLOGICAL:
; lo/gli/uno before s+cons, z, gn, ps, pn, x, y, i+V;
; l'/un' before a vowel (elision, glued to next word)
(article-drives-contraction yes) ; article choice feeds the prep+art contraction
(adjective-position "postnominal-default + prenominal-class") ; bello/buono/grande
; /nuovo/vecchio/primo... prenominal (with apocope)
(question-punct plain) ; ? and ! only (no inverted ¿ ¡)
;; ── MANDATORY prep+article contractions ────────────────────────────────
(contractions ((di il del) (di lo dello) (di la della) (di i dei)
(di gli degli) (di le delle) (di l' dell')
(a il al) (a lo allo) (a la alla) (a i ai) (a gli agli)
(a le alle) (a l' all')
(da il dal) (da la dalla) (da gli dagli) (da l' dall')
(in il nel) (in la nella) (in gli negli) (in l' nell')
(su il sul) (su la sulla) (su gli sugli) (su l' sull')))
(contraction-mandatory yes) ; *di il -> del is obligatory, never uncontracted
(prep-no-contract (per tra fra)) ; per la strada (NOT *perla)
;; ── clitic system ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────
(clitics yes)
(clitic-placement ((finite proclitic) ; lo vedo, non me lo dà
(imperative-affirmative enclitic) ; dammelo, guardalo
(imperative-negative-tu non+infinitive) ; non parlare / non lo fare
(infinitive enclitic) ; vederlo, aiutarmi (drop -e)
(gerund enclitic))) ; dandolo
(clitic-combination ((mi lo "me lo") (ti lo "te lo") (ci lo "ce lo")
(vi lo "ve lo") (si lo "se lo")
(gli lo "glielo") (le lo "glielo"))) ; glielo = ONE word
(clitic-particles (ci ne)) ; locative ci, partitive ne
(raddoppiamento (da fa di va sta)) ; monosyllabic imper double clitic: dammelo
;; ── verb / aspect system ───────────────────────────────────────────────
(finite-agreement "person+number (6-way)")
(tenses (presente imperfetto passato-remoto futuro condizionale
congiuntivo-presente congiuntivo-imperfetto imperativo))
(compound-past "passato-prossimo = aux(present) + participle")
(perfect-aux "essere/avere (LEXICAL selection)") ; << Italian-specific
(essere-aux-class unaccusative) ; motion/change-of-state/copular/pronominal
; (andare venire nascere morire diventare piacere
; + ALL reflexives) -> essere
(participle-agreement ((essere subject) ; è andata / sono arrivati
(avere preceding-acc-clitic))) ; li ho visti
(progressive-aux "stare + gerundio") ; sto parlando
(copula "essere (default) / stare (state: sto bene)")
(passive-aux "essere / venire (+ da-agent)")
(future inflectional) ; parlerò, sarà
(comparative "più/meno ADJ di")
;; ── SACRED safety bar (shared with es/pt/en) ───────────────────────────
(negation-faithful yes) ; polarity never dropped/inverted; unplaceable -> FLAG
(negation "non (preverbal) + concord") ; non...niente/nessuno/mai/più
(negative-concord yes) ; preverbal negative word (nessuno/niente) suppresses non
(neg-adverb-position between-aux-and-participle)) ; non ho MAI visto
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;;; lang_profile_la.el — Latin language profile for ELP.
;;; Keys the realizer's construction switches. Companion to morphology-la.el.
(lang_profile_la
(language "Latin")
(iso639 "la")
(family "Italic")
;; -- core typology flags -------------------------------------------------
(pro-drop yes) ; person carried by verb ending; subjects dropped
(obligatory-subject no)
(grammatical-gender yes) ; m/f/n; adjective AGREES in case+gender+number
(gender-source lexicon) ; REAL per-noun gender from UniMorph lat
(articles none) ; Latin has no articles
(case-system yes) ; NOM GEN DAT ACC ABL VOC (+ rare LOC)
(cases (nom gen dat acc abl voc))
(word-order "SOV (default; free order, case-marked)")
(adjective-position "either (case agreement carries the link)")
(adjective-agreement "case+gender+number")
;; -- verb / aspect system ------------------------------------------------
(verb-classes (1 2 3 3io 4)) ; four conjugations + i-stem 3rd
(tenses (present imperfect future perfect pluperfect futureperfect))
(moods (indicative subjunctive imperative infinitive))
(voices (active passive))
(finite-agreement "person+number (6 slots)")
(citation "principal parts: pres-1sg / pres-inf / perf-participle")
;; -- SACRED safety bar ---------------------------------------------------
(negation-faithful yes)) ; polarity never dropped/inverted
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;;; lang_profile_pt.el — Portuguese language profile for ELP.
;;; Keys the realizer's construction switches. Mirrors lang_profile_es.
(lang_profile_pt
(language "Portuguese")
(iso639 "pt")
(family "Romance")
;; -- core typology flags -------------------------------------------------
(pro-drop yes) ; subjects routinely dropped; agreement carries person
(obligatory-subject no)
(grammatical-gender yes) ; m/f on every noun; article+adjective AGREE
(gender-source lexicon) ; REAL per-noun gender from UniMorph por / kaikki
(do-support no)
(subject-aux-inversion no)
(question-strategy intonation)
(article-selection "o/a/os/as um/uma/uns/umas")
(adjective-position postnominal)
(adjective-agreement "gender+number")
;; -- MANDATORY CONTRACTIONS (prep + article) -----------------------------
(contractions ((de o "do") (de a "da") (em o "no") (em a "na")
(a o "ao") (a a "à") (por o "pelo") (por a "pela")))
(contraction-mandatory yes)
;; -- verb / aspect system ------------------------------------------------
(verb-classes (ar er ir))
(tenses (present preterite imperfect future conditional))
(moods (ind sbjv imp))
(finite-agreement "person+number (6 slots)")
(perfect-aux "ter") ; ter + past participle
(copula-split "ser/estar")
(personal-infinitive yes) ; distinctive PT inflected infinitive
;; -- clitics / government ------------------------------------------------
(object-clitics yes) ; mesoclisis/enclisis/proclisis by context
(verb-prep-government yes)
;; -- SACRED safety bar ---------------------------------------------------
(negation-faithful yes))
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;;; lang_profile_ro.el — Romanian language profile for ELP.
;;; Romanian is the BIG typological delta of the Romance family. The verb/clause
;;; engine and the SACRED negation contract mirror the ES/PT/IT core, but the
;;; NOMINAL system is genuinely new: a SUFFIXED definite article, preserved CASE,
;;; a NEUTER gender, and a VOCATIVE. Those flags mark where the shared engine was
;;; extended rather than reused.
(lang_profile_ro
(language "Romanian")
(iso639 "ro")
(family "Romance (Eastern / Balkan)")
;; ── core typology flags ────────────────────────────────────────────────
(pro-drop yes) ; null subjects default; overt pronoun = emphatic
(obligatory-subject no)
(grammatical-gender yes) ; m / f / NEUTER (n)
(neuter-gender yes) ; << ROMANIAN-SPECIFIC: masc-agreeing SG, fem-agreeing PL
; (un tren nou / două trenuri noi)
(do-support no)
(subject-aux-inversion no) ; yes/no Q = declarative order + '?'
(question-punct plain) ; ? and ! only
;; ── SUFFIXED DEFINITE ARTICLE (the headline engine extension) ───────────
(definite-article suffixed) ; << UNIQUE IN ROMANCE: enclitic on the noun
(definite-forms ((m/n sg "-ul / -le / -l : om->omul, câine->câinele, codru->codrul")
(f sg "-a / -ea / -ua : casă->casa, carte->cartea, stea->steaua")
(m pl "-i : oameni->oamenii")
(f/n pl "-le : case->casele, trenuri->trenurile")))
(article-host ((no-prenom-adj noun) ; omul bun
(prenom-adj adjective))) ; bunul om (adj carries the article)
(indefinite-article ((m/n "un") (f "o") (pl "niște") (gen/dat-pl "unor")))
;; ── CASE (preserved; NOM/ACC vs GEN/DAT) ────────────────────────────────
(case (nom/acc gen/dat vocative)) ; << ROMANIAN-SPECIFIC
(case-syncretism "nom=acc ; gen=dat")
(genitive-marking "gen/dat definite: -lui (m/n), -ei/-i (f), -lor (pl)")
(genitival-article ((m sg "al") (f sg "a") (m pl "ai") (f/n pl "ale"))) ; o carte a lui
(possession "definite-head + gen/dat possessor: casa băiatului")
(vocative ((m sg "-ule/-e : omule, băiete") (f sg "-o : Mario, fato")
(pl "-lor")))
;; ── verb / aspect system ────────────────────────────────────────────────
(finite-agreement "person+number (6-way)")
(tenses (prezent imperfect perfect-simplu conjunctiv-prezent
imperativ (periphrastic: perfect-compus viitor conditional)))
(compound-past "perfectul compus = a-avea-clitic + INVARIABLE participle")
(perfect-aux "a avea (am/ai/a/am/ați/au) — ONE auxiliary for ALL verbs")
(perfect-aux-split no) ; << SIMPLER than Italian: no essere/avere selection
(participle-agreement none) ; invariable in the perfect compus (agrees only as
; an adjective / in the passive)
(future "voi/vei/va/vom/veți/vor + infinitive (viitor literar)")
(conditional "aș/ai/ar/am/ați/ar + infinitive")
(subjunctive "conjunctiv: particle 'să' + subjunctive present")
(modal-complement "modal + să + subjunctive (vreau să merg, poți să ajuți)")
(copula "a fi")
(passive "a fi + participle (participle AGREES like an adjective)")
(comparative "mai / mai puțin ADJ decât")
;; ── clitic system (partial — see honest gaps) ───────────────────────────
(clitics yes)
(clitic-set ((acc te îl o ne îi le) (dat îmi îți îi ne le)
(refl te se ne se)))
(clitic-placement ((finite proclitic) ; îmi place, o văd
(perfect-compus elision) ; << m-am, l-am, i-am (PARTIAL)
(imperative-affirmative enclitic))) ; dă-mi (PARTIAL)
;; ── SACRED safety bar (shared with es/pt/it/en) ─────────────────────────
(negation-faithful yes) ; polarity never dropped/inverted; unplaceable -> FLAG
(negation "nu (single preverbal marker) + concord")
(negative-concord yes) ; nu … nimic / nimeni / niciodată / niciun
(negative-imperative "nu + INFINITIVE : nu pleca! (KNOWN GAP: uses imperative stem)"))
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