Files
el/lang/elc-combined.el
2026-05-05 01:38:51 -05:00

5609 lines
218 KiB
EmacsLisp

// lexer.el el self-hosting lexer
//
// Tokenises an el source string into a list of token maps.
// Each token is a Map<String, Any> with keys:
// "kind" -> String (e.g. "Int", "Ident", "Plus")
// "value" -> String (the raw text of the token)
//
// Entry point: fn lex(source: String) -> [Map<String, Any>]
//
// Uses native_string_chars to split the source into a chars list,
// then indexes it with native_list_get avoids O(N²) string cloning.
// Character helpers
fn lex_is_digit(ch: String) -> Bool {
if ch == "0" { return true }
if ch == "1" { return true }
if ch == "2" { return true }
if ch == "3" { return true }
if ch == "4" { return true }
if ch == "5" { return true }
if ch == "6" { return true }
if ch == "7" { return true }
if ch == "8" { return true }
if ch == "9" { return true }
false
}
fn lex_is_alpha(ch: String) -> Bool {
if ch == "a" { return true }
if ch == "b" { return true }
if ch == "c" { return true }
if ch == "d" { return true }
if ch == "e" { return true }
if ch == "f" { return true }
if ch == "g" { return true }
if ch == "h" { return true }
if ch == "i" { return true }
if ch == "j" { return true }
if ch == "k" { return true }
if ch == "l" { return true }
if ch == "m" { return true }
if ch == "n" { return true }
if ch == "o" { return true }
if ch == "p" { return true }
if ch == "q" { return true }
if ch == "r" { return true }
if ch == "s" { return true }
if ch == "t" { return true }
if ch == "u" { return true }
if ch == "v" { return true }
if ch == "w" { return true }
if ch == "x" { return true }
if ch == "y" { return true }
if ch == "z" { return true }
if ch == "A" { return true }
if ch == "B" { return true }
if ch == "C" { return true }
if ch == "D" { return true }
if ch == "E" { return true }
if ch == "F" { return true }
if ch == "G" { return true }
if ch == "H" { return true }
if ch == "I" { return true }
if ch == "J" { return true }
if ch == "K" { return true }
if ch == "L" { return true }
if ch == "M" { return true }
if ch == "N" { return true }
if ch == "O" { return true }
if ch == "P" { return true }
if ch == "Q" { return true }
if ch == "R" { return true }
if ch == "S" { return true }
if ch == "T" { return true }
if ch == "U" { return true }
if ch == "V" { return true }
if ch == "W" { return true }
if ch == "X" { return true }
if ch == "Y" { return true }
if ch == "Z" { return true }
false
}
fn is_alnum_or_underscore(ch: String) -> Bool {
if lex_is_digit(ch) { return true }
if lex_is_alpha(ch) { return true }
if ch == "_" { return true }
false
}
fn lex_is_whitespace(ch: String) -> Bool {
if ch == " " { return true }
if ch == "\t" { return true }
if ch == "\n" { return true }
if ch == "\r" { return true }
false
}
fn make_tok(kind: String, value: String) -> Map<String, Any> {
{ "kind": kind, "value": value }
}
// Keyword lookup
fn keyword_kind(word: String) -> String {
if word == "let" { return "Let" }
if word == "fn" { return "Fn" }
if word == "type" { return "Type" }
if word == "enum" { return "Enum" }
if word == "match" { return "Match" }
if word == "return" { return "Return" }
if word == "if" { return "If" }
if word == "else" { return "Else" }
if word == "for" { return "For" }
if word == "in" { return "In" }
if word == "while" { return "While" }
if word == "import" { return "Import" }
if word == "from" { return "From" }
if word == "as" { return "As" }
if word == "with" { return "With" }
if word == "sealed" { return "Sealed" }
if word == "activate" { return "Activate" }
if word == "where" { return "Where" }
if word == "test" { return "Test" }
if word == "seed" { return "Seed" }
if word == "assert" { return "Assert" }
if word == "protocol" { return "Protocol" }
if word == "impl" { return "Impl" }
if word == "retry" { return "Retry" }
if word == "times" { return "Times" }
if word == "fallback" { return "Fallback" }
if word == "reason" { return "Reason" }
if word == "parallel" { return "Parallel" }
if word == "trace" { return "Trace" }
if word == "requires" { return "Requires" }
if word == "deploy" { return "Deploy" }
if word == "to" { return "To" }
if word == "via" { return "Via" }
if word == "target" { return "Target" }
if word == "true" { return "Bool" }
if word == "false" { return "Bool" }
if word == "cgi" { return "Cgi" }
if word == "service" { return "Service" }
if word == "manager" { return "Manager" }
if word == "engine" { return "Engine" }
if word == "accessor" { return "Accessor" }
if word == "vessel" { return "Vessel" }
""
}
// Scan helpers
// All scan helpers receive the chars list and total length.
// scan_digits advance i while chars[i] is a digit
// Returns { "text": ..., "pos": i }
fn scan_digits(chars: [String], start: Int, total: Int) -> Map<String, Any> {
let i = start
let text = ""
let running = true
while running {
if i >= total {
let running = false
} else {
let ch: String = native_list_get(chars, i)
if lex_is_digit(ch) {
let text = text + ch
let i = i + 1
} else {
let running = false
}
}
}
{ "text": text, "pos": i }
}
// scan_ident advance i while chars[i] is alphanumeric or underscore
fn scan_ident(chars: [String], start: Int, total: Int) -> Map<String, Any> {
let i = start
let text = ""
let running = true
while running {
if i >= total {
let running = false
} else {
let ch: String = native_list_get(chars, i)
if is_alnum_or_underscore(ch) {
let text = text + ch
let i = i + 1
} else {
let running = false
}
}
}
{ "text": text, "pos": i }
}
// Code-bearing string detection + comment strip
// Inline JS/CSS literals embedded in El source (e.g. <script></script> blobs
// or stylesheet payloads inside string literals) carry their own line and
// block comments. Those comments leak into the served HTML and reveal build
// notes the visitor should never see. We strip them at the lexer so every
// downstream consumer (codegen-c, codegen-js, parser) gets the cleaned form.
//
// looks_like_code heuristic gate so we only strip strings that actually
// embed JS or CSS. Plain prose, hex blobs, JSON, etc. pass through verbatim.
fn substr_at(chars: [String], start: Int, total: Int, needle: String) -> Bool {
let nchars: [String] = native_string_chars(needle)
let nlen: Int = native_list_len(nchars)
if start + nlen > total { return false }
let i = 0
let matched = true
while i < nlen {
let a: String = native_list_get(chars, start + i)
let b: String = native_list_get(nchars, i)
if a == b { let i = i + 1 } else { let matched = false; let i = nlen }
}
matched
}
fn str_has(s: String, needle: String) -> Bool {
let chars: [String] = native_string_chars(s)
let total: Int = native_list_len(chars)
let i = 0
let found = false
while i < total {
if substr_at(chars, i, total, needle) {
let found = true
let i = total
} else {
let i = i + 1
}
}
found
}
fn looks_like_code(s: String) -> Bool {
if str_has(s, "<script") { return true }
if str_has(s, "<style") { return true }
if str_has(s, "function") {
if str_has(s, ";") { return true }
}
false
}
// strip_code_comments character-by-character walk. Tracks JS string state
// (single, double, backtick) and never strips inside one. Backslash escapes
// inside JS strings consume the next char verbatim. URLs like https:// are
// preserved by checking the previous char before treating // as a line
// comment opener: if the char immediately before '/' is ':', emit the '/'
// literally and advance one position.
fn strip_code_comments(s: String) -> String {
let chars: [String] = native_string_chars(s)
let total: Int = native_list_len(chars)
let out = ""
let i = 0
let in_squote = false
let in_dquote = false
let in_btick = false
let prev = ""
while i < total {
let ch: String = native_list_get(chars, i)
let in_js_string = false
if in_squote { let in_js_string = true }
if in_dquote { let in_js_string = true }
if in_btick { let in_js_string = true }
if in_js_string {
// Backslash escape: consume next char verbatim regardless of which.
if ch == "\\" {
let out = out + ch
let next_i = i + 1
if next_i < total {
let nc: String = native_list_get(chars, next_i)
let out = out + nc
let prev = nc
let i = next_i + 1
} else {
let prev = ch
let i = next_i
}
} else {
if in_squote {
if ch == "'" { let in_squote = false }
} else {
if in_dquote {
if ch == "\"" { let in_dquote = false }
} else {
if in_btick {
if ch == "`" { let in_btick = false }
}
}
}
let out = out + ch
let prev = ch
let i = i + 1
}
} else {
// Not in a JS string. Check for comment openers.
let next_i = i + 1
let next_ch = ""
if next_i < total {
let next_ch: String = native_list_get(chars, next_i)
}
if ch == "/" {
if next_ch == "/" {
// URL guard: prev char ':' means this is "://", not a comment.
if prev == ":" {
let out = out + ch
let prev = ch
let i = i + 1
} else {
// Skip until newline (newline itself is preserved so
// surrounding line counts/structure stay sane).
let i = i + 2
let scanning = true
while scanning {
if i >= total {
let scanning = false
} else {
let lc: String = native_list_get(chars, i)
if lc == "\n" {
let scanning = false
} else {
let i = i + 1
}
}
}
let prev = ""
}
} else {
if next_ch == "*" {
// Skip until matching "*/".
let i = i + 2
let scanning2 = true
while scanning2 {
if i >= total {
let scanning2 = false
} else {
let bc: String = native_list_get(chars, i)
if bc == "*" {
let after = i + 1
if after < total {
let nc2: String = native_list_get(chars, after)
if nc2 == "/" {
let i = after + 1
let scanning2 = false
} else {
let i = i + 1
}
} else {
let i = i + 1
}
} else {
let i = i + 1
}
}
}
let prev = ""
} else {
let out = out + ch
let prev = ch
let i = i + 1
}
}
} else {
// Open a JS string?
if ch == "'" {
let in_squote = true
let out = out + ch
let prev = ch
let i = i + 1
} else {
if ch == "\"" {
let in_dquote = true
let out = out + ch
let prev = ch
let i = i + 1
} else {
if ch == "`" {
let in_btick = true
let out = out + ch
let prev = ch
let i = i + 1
} else {
let out = out + ch
let prev = ch
let i = i + 1
}
}
}
}
}
}
out
}
// scan_string scan a quoted string literal, handling \" escapes.
// Starts AFTER the opening quote. Returns { "text": content, "pos": i_after_close }
fn scan_string(chars: [String], start: Int, total: Int) -> Map<String, Any> {
let i = start
let text = ""
let running = true
while running {
if i >= total {
let running = false
} else {
let ch: String = native_list_get(chars, i)
if ch == "\\" {
// escape: peek next char
let next_i = i + 1
if next_i < total {
let next_ch: String = native_list_get(chars, next_i)
if next_ch == "\"" {
let text = text + "\""
let i = next_i + 1
} else {
if next_ch == "n" {
let text = text + "\n"
let i = next_i + 1
} else {
if next_ch == "t" {
let text = text + "\t"
let i = next_i + 1
} else {
if next_ch == "r" {
let text = text + "\r"
let i = next_i + 1
} else {
if next_ch == "\\" {
let text = text + "\\"
let i = next_i + 1
} else {
let text = text + next_ch
let i = next_i + 1
}
}
}
}
}
} else {
let i = i + 1
}
} else {
if ch == "\"" {
let i = i + 1
let running = false
} else {
let text = text + ch
let i = i + 1
}
}
}
}
{ "text": text, "pos": i }
}
// Main lexer
fn lex(source: String) -> [Map<String, Any>] {
let chars: [String] = native_string_chars(source)
let total: Int = native_list_len(chars)
let tokens: [Map<String, Any>] = native_list_empty()
let i: Int = 0
while i < total {
let ch: String = native_list_get(chars, i)
// Skip whitespace
if lex_is_whitespace(ch) {
let i = i + 1
} else {
// Line comments: //
if ch == "/" {
let next_i = i + 1
if next_i < total {
let next_ch: String = native_list_get(chars, next_i)
if next_ch == "/" {
// skip to end of line
let i = i + 2
let running2 = true
while running2 {
if i >= total {
let running2 = false
} else {
let lch: String = native_list_get(chars, i)
if lch == "\n" {
let running2 = false
} else {
let i = i + 1
}
}
}
} else {
let tokens = native_list_append(tokens, make_tok("Slash", "/"))
let i = i + 1
}
} else {
let tokens = native_list_append(tokens, make_tok("Slash", "/"))
let i = i + 1
}
} else {
// String literal
if ch == "\"" {
let result = scan_string(chars, i + 1, total)
let str_text: String = result["text"]
let new_pos: Int = result["pos"]
// Compile-time scrub: strings that embed JS or CSS get
// their // line comments and /* block comments stripped
// before the token reaches the parser. Plain prose passes
// through untouched.
let clean_text = str_text
if looks_like_code(str_text) {
let clean_text = strip_code_comments(str_text)
}
let tokens = native_list_append(tokens, make_tok("Str", clean_text))
let i = new_pos
} else {
// Number literal
if lex_is_digit(ch) {
let result = scan_digits(chars, i, total)
let num_text: String = result["text"]
let new_pos: Int = result["pos"]
// check for float (dot followed by digit)
if new_pos < total {
let dot_ch: String = native_list_get(chars, new_pos)
if dot_ch == "." {
let after_dot = new_pos + 1
if after_dot < total {
let after_dot_ch: String = native_list_get(chars, after_dot)
if lex_is_digit(after_dot_ch) {
let frac_result = scan_digits(chars, after_dot, total)
let frac_text: String = frac_result["text"]
let frac_pos: Int = frac_result["pos"]
let tokens = native_list_append(tokens, make_tok("Float", num_text + "." + frac_text))
let i = frac_pos
} else {
let tokens = native_list_append(tokens, make_tok("Int", num_text))
let i = new_pos
}
} else {
let tokens = native_list_append(tokens, make_tok("Int", num_text))
let i = new_pos
}
} else {
let tokens = native_list_append(tokens, make_tok("Int", num_text))
let i = new_pos
}
} else {
let tokens = native_list_append(tokens, make_tok("Int", num_text))
let i = new_pos
}
} else {
// Identifier or keyword
if lex_is_alpha(ch) || ch == "_" {
let result = scan_ident(chars, i, total)
let word: String = result["text"]
let new_pos: Int = result["pos"]
let kw = keyword_kind(word)
if kw == "" {
let tokens = native_list_append(tokens, make_tok("Ident", word))
} else {
let tokens = native_list_append(tokens, make_tok(kw, word))
}
let i = new_pos
} else {
// Multi-char and single-char operators/delimiters
let peek_i = i + 1
let peek_ch = ""
if peek_i < total {
let peek_ch: String = native_list_get(chars, peek_i)
}
if ch == "=" {
if peek_ch == "=" {
let tokens = native_list_append(tokens, make_tok("EqEq", "=="))
let i = i + 2
} else {
if peek_ch == ">" {
let tokens = native_list_append(tokens, make_tok("FatArrow", "=>"))
let i = i + 2
} else {
let tokens = native_list_append(tokens, make_tok("Eq", "="))
let i = i + 1
}
}
} else {
if ch == "!" {
if peek_ch == "=" {
let tokens = native_list_append(tokens, make_tok("NotEq", "!="))
let i = i + 2
} else {
let tokens = native_list_append(tokens, make_tok("Not", "!"))
let i = i + 1
}
} else {
if ch == "<" {
if peek_ch == "=" {
let tokens = native_list_append(tokens, make_tok("LtEq", "<="))
let i = i + 2
} else {
let tokens = native_list_append(tokens, make_tok("Lt", "<"))
let i = i + 1
}
} else {
if ch == ">" {
if peek_ch == "=" {
let tokens = native_list_append(tokens, make_tok("GtEq", ">="))
let i = i + 2
} else {
let tokens = native_list_append(tokens, make_tok("Gt", ">"))
let i = i + 1
}
} else {
if ch == "&" {
if peek_ch == "&" {
let tokens = native_list_append(tokens, make_tok("And", "&&"))
let i = i + 2
} else {
let i = i + 1
}
} else {
if ch == "|" {
if peek_ch == "|" {
let tokens = native_list_append(tokens, make_tok("Or", "||"))
let i = i + 2
} else {
if peek_ch == ">" {
let tokens = native_list_append(tokens, make_tok("PipeOp", "|>"))
let i = i + 2
} else {
let tokens = native_list_append(tokens, make_tok("Pipe", "|"))
let i = i + 1
}
}
} else {
if ch == "-" {
if peek_ch == ">" {
let tokens = native_list_append(tokens, make_tok("Arrow", "->"))
let i = i + 2
} else {
let tokens = native_list_append(tokens, make_tok("Minus", "-"))
let i = i + 1
}
} else {
if ch == ":" {
if peek_ch == ":" {
let tokens = native_list_append(tokens, make_tok("ColonColon", "::"))
let i = i + 2
} else {
let tokens = native_list_append(tokens, make_tok("Colon", ":"))
let i = i + 1
}
} else {
if ch == "+" {
let tokens = native_list_append(tokens, make_tok("Plus", "+"))
let i = i + 1
} else {
if ch == "*" {
let tokens = native_list_append(tokens, make_tok("Star", "*"))
let i = i + 1
} else {
if ch == "%" {
let tokens = native_list_append(tokens, make_tok("Percent", "%"))
let i = i + 1
} else {
if ch == "(" {
let tokens = native_list_append(tokens, make_tok("LParen", "("))
let i = i + 1
} else {
if ch == ")" {
let tokens = native_list_append(tokens, make_tok("RParen", ")"))
let i = i + 1
} else {
if ch == "{" {
let tokens = native_list_append(tokens, make_tok("LBrace", "{"))
let i = i + 1
} else {
if ch == "}" {
let tokens = native_list_append(tokens, make_tok("RBrace", "}"))
let i = i + 1
} else {
if ch == "[" {
let tokens = native_list_append(tokens, make_tok("LBracket", "["))
let i = i + 1
} else {
if ch == "]" {
let tokens = native_list_append(tokens, make_tok("RBracket", "]"))
let i = i + 1
} else {
if ch == "," {
let tokens = native_list_append(tokens, make_tok("Comma", ","))
let i = i + 1
} else {
if ch == "." {
let tokens = native_list_append(tokens, make_tok("Dot", "."))
let i = i + 1
} else {
if ch == ";" {
let tokens = native_list_append(tokens, make_tok("Semicolon", ";"))
let i = i + 1
} else {
if ch == "@" {
let tokens = native_list_append(tokens, make_tok("At", "@"))
let i = i + 1
} else {
if ch == "?" {
let tokens = native_list_append(tokens, make_tok("QuestionMark", "?"))
let i = i + 1
} else {
// unknown char skip
let i = i + 1
}
}
}
}
}
}
}
}
}
}
}
}
}
}
}
}
}
}
}
}
}
}
}
}
}
}
}
}
let tokens = native_list_append(tokens, make_tok("Eof", ""))
tokens
}
// parser.el el self-hosting recursive descent parser
//
// Consumes the token list produced by lexer.el and builds a list of AST
// statement maps. Each statement and expression is a Map<String, Any>.
//
// The cursor (integer position into the token list) is threaded through every
// parse function. Functions return { "node": <map>, "pos": <int> }.
//
// The token list is passed as a parameter to all parse functions.
// native_list_get is used to index into it without cloning.
//
// Entry point: fn parse(tokens: [Map<String, Any>]) -> [Map<String, Any>]
// Token access helpers
fn tok_at(tokens: [Map<String, Any>], pos: Int) -> Map<String, Any> {
native_list_get(tokens, pos)
}
fn tok_kind(tokens: [Map<String, Any>], pos: Int) -> String {
let t = native_list_get(tokens, pos)
t["kind"]
}
fn tok_value(tokens: [Map<String, Any>], pos: Int) -> String {
let t = native_list_get(tokens, pos)
t["value"]
}
fn expect(tokens: [Map<String, Any>], pos: Int, kind: String) -> Int {
let k = tok_kind(tokens, pos)
if k == kind {
return pos + 1
}
// On mismatch just advance; error recovery is best-effort
pos + 1
}
// Result helpers
fn make_result(node: Map<String, Any>, pos: Int) -> Map<String, Any> {
{ "node": node, "pos": pos }
}
// Type annotation parser
// Skips over a type annotation, returning the new position.
// Types can be: Ident, [Type], Map<K,V>, Type?, Type<Type,...>
fn skip_type(tokens: [Map<String, Any>], pos: Int) -> Int {
let k = tok_kind(tokens, pos)
// Array type: [Type]
if k == "LBracket" {
let p = pos + 1
let p = skip_type(tokens, p)
let p = expect(tokens, p, "RBracket")
return p
}
// Named type (possibly generic)
if k == "Ident" {
let p = pos + 1
let k2 = tok_kind(tokens, p)
if k2 == "Lt" {
// Generic params: skip until matching >
let p = p + 1
let depth = 1
let running = true
while running {
let kk = tok_kind(tokens, p)
if kk == "Eof" {
let running = false
} else {
if kk == "Lt" {
let depth = depth + 1
let p = p + 1
} else {
if kk == "Gt" {
let depth = depth - 1
let p = p + 1
if depth <= 0 {
let running = false
}
} else {
let p = p + 1
}
}
}
}
let k3 = tok_kind(tokens, p)
if k3 == "QuestionMark" {
let p = p + 1
}
return p
}
// Optional marker
if k2 == "QuestionMark" {
return p + 1
}
return p
}
pos + 1
}
// Parameter list
// Parses (name: Type, name: Type, ...) returns { "params": [...], "pos": ... }
fn parse_params(tokens: [Map<String, Any>], pos: Int) -> Map<String, Any> {
let p = expect(tokens, pos, "LParen")
let params: [Map<String, Any>] = native_list_empty()
let running = true
while running {
let k = tok_kind(tokens, p)
if k == "RParen" {
let running = false
} else {
if k == "Eof" {
let running = false
} else {
// param name
let pname = tok_value(tokens, p)
let p = p + 1
let p = expect(tokens, p, "Colon")
// Capture the leading type identifier so codegen can dispatch
// arithmetic vs string-concat on `+` based on declared types.
let ptype = ""
let kt = tok_kind(tokens, p)
if kt == "Ident" {
let ptype = tok_value(tokens, p)
}
let p = skip_type(tokens, p)
let param = { "name": pname, "type": ptype }
let params = native_list_append(params, param)
let k2 = tok_kind(tokens, p)
if k2 == "Comma" {
let p = p + 1
}
}
}
}
let p = expect(tokens, p, "RParen")
{ "params": params, "pos": p }
}
// Expression parsing
fn parse_primary(tokens: [Map<String, Any>], pos: Int) -> Map<String, Any> {
let k = tok_kind(tokens, pos)
let v = tok_value(tokens, pos)
// Integer literal
if k == "Int" {
return make_result({ "expr": "Int", "value": v }, pos + 1)
}
// Float literal
if k == "Float" {
return make_result({ "expr": "Float", "value": v }, pos + 1)
}
// String literal
if k == "Str" {
return make_result({ "expr": "Str", "value": v }, pos + 1)
}
// Bool literal
if k == "Bool" {
return make_result({ "expr": "Bool", "value": v }, pos + 1)
}
// Identifier
if k == "Ident" {
return make_result({ "expr": "Ident", "name": v }, pos + 1)
}
// Grouped expression
if k == "LParen" {
let r = parse_expr(tokens, pos + 1)
let node = r["node"]
let p = r["pos"]
let p = expect(tokens, p, "RParen")
return make_result(node, p)
}
// Array literal: [e1, e2, ...]
if k == "LBracket" {
let p = pos + 1
let elems: [Map<String, Any>] = native_list_empty()
let running = true
while running {
let k2 = tok_kind(tokens, p)
if k2 == "RBracket" {
let running = false
} else {
if k2 == "Eof" {
let running = false
} else {
let r = parse_expr(tokens, p)
let elem = r["node"]
let p = r["pos"]
let elems = native_list_append(elems, elem)
let k3 = tok_kind(tokens, p)
if k3 == "Comma" {
let p = p + 1
}
}
}
}
let p = expect(tokens, p, "RBracket")
return make_result({ "expr": "Array", "elems": elems }, p)
}
// Map literal: { "key": val, ... }
//
// Suppression: when parse_if / parse_while / parse_for / parse_match
// are parsing a head expression, they set __no_block_expr=1 so a stray
// `{` here doesn't get gobbled as a Map literal it belongs to the
// following block. Without this, `if a || b { ... }` could mis-parse
// (the `||` recursion lands at `{` and tries to read the if-body as a
// Map, then loops forever when keys don't match `Str: expr`).
if k == "LBrace" {
let no_block: String = state_get("__no_block_expr")
if str_eq(no_block, "1") {
// Fall through to fallback caller will see `{` and treat it
// as the start of the block they're expecting.
return make_result({ "expr": "Nil" }, pos)
}
let p = pos + 1
let pairs: [Map<String, Any>] = native_list_empty()
let running = true
while running {
let k2 = tok_kind(tokens, p)
if k2 == "RBrace" {
let running = false
} else {
if k2 == "Eof" {
let running = false
} else {
// key: Str token
let key = tok_value(tokens, p)
let new_p: Int = p + 1
let new_p = expect(tokens, new_p, "Colon")
let r = parse_expr(tokens, new_p)
let val_node = r["node"]
let new_p = r["pos"]
let pair = { "key": key, "value": val_node }
let pairs = native_list_append(pairs, pair)
let k3 = tok_kind(tokens, new_p)
if k3 == "Comma" {
let new_p = new_p + 1
}
// Non-progress guard: malformed map content can leave
// parse_expr returning the same pos. Force advance.
if new_p <= p {
let p = p + 1
} else {
let p = new_p
}
}
}
}
let p = expect(tokens, p, "RBrace")
return make_result({ "expr": "Map", "pairs": pairs }, p)
}
// if expression
if k == "If" {
let r = parse_if(tokens, pos)
return r
}
// match expression
if k == "Match" {
let r = parse_match(tokens, pos)
return r
}
// for expression (used as statement)
if k == "For" {
let r = parse_for_expr(tokens, pos)
return r
}
// Unary not
if k == "Not" {
let r = parse_primary(tokens, pos + 1)
let inner = r["node"]
let p = r["pos"]
return make_result({ "expr": "Not", "inner": inner }, p)
}
// Unary minus
if k == "Minus" {
let r = parse_primary(tokens, pos + 1)
let inner = r["node"]
let p = r["pos"]
return make_result({ "expr": "Neg", "inner": inner }, p)
}
// Soft keywords usable as identifiers in expression position. The lexer
// turns words like `target`, `to`, `via`, `deploy`, etc. into dedicated
// token kinds for the deploy/retry DSLs, but they're also valid as
// parameter names and local variables. When one of these appears in
// expression position (where only an Ident makes sense), treat it as
// an Ident carrying the original text otherwise references to a
// parameter named `target` compile to EL_NULL.
if k == "Target" { return make_result({ "expr": "Ident", "name": v }, pos + 1) }
if k == "To" { return make_result({ "expr": "Ident", "name": v }, pos + 1) }
if k == "Via" { return make_result({ "expr": "Ident", "name": v }, pos + 1) }
if k == "Deploy" { return make_result({ "expr": "Ident", "name": v }, pos + 1) }
if k == "Reason" { return make_result({ "expr": "Ident", "name": v }, pos + 1) }
if k == "Times" { return make_result({ "expr": "Ident", "name": v }, pos + 1) }
if k == "Fallback" { return make_result({ "expr": "Ident", "name": v }, pos + 1) }
if k == "Retry" { return make_result({ "expr": "Ident", "name": v }, pos + 1) }
if k == "Parallel" { return make_result({ "expr": "Ident", "name": v }, pos + 1) }
if k == "Trace" { return make_result({ "expr": "Ident", "name": v }, pos + 1) }
if k == "Requires" { return make_result({ "expr": "Ident", "name": v }, pos + 1) }
if k == "Where" { return make_result({ "expr": "Ident", "name": v }, pos + 1) }
if k == "As" { return make_result({ "expr": "Ident", "name": v }, pos + 1) }
if k == "With" { return make_result({ "expr": "Ident", "name": v }, pos + 1) }
if k == "Manager" { return make_result({ "expr": "Ident", "name": v }, pos + 1) }
if k == "Engine" { return make_result({ "expr": "Ident", "name": v }, pos + 1) }
if k == "Accessor" { return make_result({ "expr": "Ident", "name": v }, pos + 1) }
if k == "Vessel" { return make_result({ "expr": "Ident", "name": v }, pos + 1) }
// Fallback: skip unknown token
make_result({ "expr": "Nil" }, pos + 1)
}
fn parse_if(tokens: [Map<String, Any>], pos: Int) -> Map<String, Any> {
let p = expect(tokens, pos, "If")
// Suppress Map-literal parsing in the cond so a stray `{` (the start
// of the then-block) isn't gobbled as a Map.
let prev_no_block: String = state_get("__no_block_expr")
state_set("__no_block_expr", "1")
let r = parse_expr(tokens, p)
state_set("__no_block_expr", prev_no_block)
let cond = r["node"]
let p = r["pos"]
let r2 = parse_block(tokens, p)
let then_stmts = r2["stmts"]
let p = r2["pos"]
let has_else = false
let else_stmts: [Map<String, Any>] = native_list_empty()
let k2 = tok_kind(tokens, p)
if k2 == "Else" {
let p = p + 1
let k3 = tok_kind(tokens, p)
if k3 == "If" {
// else-if chain: parse as nested if
let r3 = parse_if(tokens, p)
let nested = r3["node"]
let p = r3["pos"]
let else_stmts = native_list_append(else_stmts, { "stmt": "Expr", "value": nested })
let has_else = true
} else {
let r3 = parse_block(tokens, p)
let else_stmts = r3["stmts"]
let p = r3["pos"]
let has_else = true
}
}
make_result({ "expr": "If", "cond": cond, "then": then_stmts, "else": else_stmts, "has_else": has_else }, p)
}
fn parse_match(tokens: [Map<String, Any>], pos: Int) -> Map<String, Any> {
let p = expect(tokens, pos, "Match")
let prev_no_block: String = state_get("__no_block_expr")
state_set("__no_block_expr", "1")
let r = parse_expr(tokens, p)
state_set("__no_block_expr", prev_no_block)
let subject = r["node"]
let p = r["pos"]
let p = expect(tokens, p, "LBrace")
let arms: [Map<String, Any>] = native_list_empty()
let running = true
while running {
let k = tok_kind(tokens, p)
if k == "RBrace" {
let running = false
} else {
if k == "Eof" {
let running = false
} else {
// parse pattern => body
let r2 = parse_pattern(tokens, p)
let pattern = r2["node"]
let p = r2["pos"]
let p = expect(tokens, p, "FatArrow")
let r3 = parse_expr(tokens, p)
let body = r3["node"]
let p = r3["pos"]
let arm = { "pattern": pattern, "body": body }
let arms = native_list_append(arms, arm)
let k2 = tok_kind(tokens, p)
if k2 == "Comma" {
let p = p + 1
}
}
}
}
let p = expect(tokens, p, "RBrace")
make_result({ "expr": "Match", "subject": subject, "arms": arms }, p)
}
fn parse_pattern(tokens: [Map<String, Any>], pos: Int) -> Map<String, Any> {
let k = tok_kind(tokens, pos)
if k == "Ident" {
let v = tok_value(tokens, pos)
if v == "_" {
return make_result({ "pattern": "Wildcard" }, pos + 1)
}
return make_result({ "pattern": "Binding", "name": v }, pos + 1)
}
if k == "Int" {
return make_result({ "pattern": "LitInt", "value": tok_value(tokens, pos) }, pos + 1)
}
if k == "Str" {
return make_result({ "pattern": "LitStr", "value": tok_value(tokens, pos) }, pos + 1)
}
if k == "Bool" {
return make_result({ "pattern": "LitBool", "value": tok_value(tokens, pos) }, pos + 1)
}
// Wildcard _
make_result({ "pattern": "Wildcard" }, pos + 1)
}
fn parse_for_expr(tokens: [Map<String, Any>], pos: Int) -> Map<String, Any> {
let p = expect(tokens, pos, "For")
let item_name = tok_value(tokens, p)
let p = p + 1
let p = expect(tokens, p, "In")
let prev_no_block: String = state_get("__no_block_expr")
state_set("__no_block_expr", "1")
let r = parse_expr(tokens, p)
state_set("__no_block_expr", prev_no_block)
let list_expr = r["node"]
let p = r["pos"]
let r2 = parse_block(tokens, p)
let body = r2["stmts"]
let p = r2["pos"]
make_result({ "expr": "For", "item": item_name, "list": list_expr, "body": body }, p)
}
fn parse_block(tokens: [Map<String, Any>], pos: Int) -> Map<String, Any> {
let p = expect(tokens, pos, "LBrace")
let stmts: [Map<String, Any>] = native_list_empty()
let running = true
while running {
let k = tok_kind(tokens, p)
if k == "RBrace" {
let running = false
} else {
if k == "Eof" {
let running = false
} else {
let r = parse_stmt(tokens, p)
let stmt = r["node"]
let new_p: Int = r["pos"]
let stmts = native_list_append(stmts, stmt)
// Non-progress guard: a malformed input (e.g. `||` that
// dragged the parser into Map-literal mode partway through
// the if-body) can leave parse_stmt returning the same pos.
// Force advance so the outer compile doesn't hang.
if new_p <= p {
let p = p + 1
} else {
let p = new_p
}
}
}
}
let p = expect(tokens, p, "RBrace")
{ "stmts": stmts, "pos": p }
}
// Postfix expressions (calls, field access, index)
// is_duration_unit recognise the postfix unit suffix on a numeric literal.
// Used by parse_postfix to detect `30.seconds`-shape time literals before
// falling back to the generic `obj.field` field-access lowering. Singular
// and plural forms map to the same nanosecond multiplier; codegen does the
// arithmetic at compile time.
fn is_duration_unit(name: String) -> Bool {
if name == "nanos" { return true }
if name == "nano" { return true }
if name == "millis" { return true }
if name == "milli" { return true }
if name == "millisecond" { return true }
if name == "milliseconds" { return true }
if name == "second" { return true }
if name == "seconds" { return true }
if name == "minute" { return true }
if name == "minutes" { return true }
if name == "hour" { return true }
if name == "hours" { return true }
if name == "day" { return true }
if name == "days" { return true }
false
}
fn parse_postfix(tokens: [Map<String, Any>], pos: Int) -> Map<String, Any> {
let r = parse_primary(tokens, pos)
let node = r["node"]
let p = r["pos"]
// Postfix duration literal: `<Int>.<unit>` where <unit> is one of
// nanos | millis | seconds | minutes | hours | days (each with an
// optional plural). We recognise this before the generic Dot-as-field
// path so `30.seconds` lowers to a DurationLit AST node carrying the
// count and the unit, not a field access on an Int.
let primary_kind: String = node["expr"]
if primary_kind == "Int" {
let dot_kind = tok_kind(tokens, p)
if dot_kind == "Dot" {
let unit_kind = tok_kind(tokens, p + 1)
if unit_kind == "Ident" {
let unit_name = tok_value(tokens, p + 1)
if is_duration_unit(unit_name) {
let count_str: String = node["value"]
let node = { "expr": "DurationLit", "count": count_str, "unit": unit_name }
let p = p + 2
}
}
}
}
let running = true
while running {
let k = tok_kind(tokens, p)
if k == "LParen" {
// function call
let p = p + 1
let args: [Map<String, Any>] = native_list_empty()
let run2 = true
while run2 {
let k2 = tok_kind(tokens, p)
if k2 == "RParen" {
let run2 = false
} else {
if k2 == "Eof" {
let run2 = false
} else {
let r2 = parse_expr(tokens, p)
let arg = r2["node"]
let p = r2["pos"]
let args = native_list_append(args, arg)
let k3 = tok_kind(tokens, p)
if k3 == "Comma" {
let p = p + 1
}
}
}
}
let p = expect(tokens, p, "RParen")
let node = { "expr": "Call", "func": node, "args": args }
} else {
if k == "Dot" {
let field = tok_value(tokens, p + 1)
let p = p + 2
let node = { "expr": "Field", "object": node, "field": field }
} else {
if k == "LBracket" {
let r2 = parse_expr(tokens, p + 1)
let idx = r2["node"]
let p = r2["pos"]
let p = expect(tokens, p, "RBracket")
let node = { "expr": "Index", "object": node, "index": idx }
} else {
if k == "QuestionMark" {
let p = p + 1
let node = { "expr": "Try", "inner": node }
} else {
let running = false
}
}
}
}
}
make_result(node, p)
}
// Binary expression precedence climbing
fn op_precedence(kind: String) -> Int {
if kind == "Or" { return 1 }
if kind == "And" { return 2 }
if kind == "EqEq" { return 3 }
if kind == "NotEq" { return 3 }
if kind == "Lt" { return 4 }
if kind == "Gt" { return 4 }
if kind == "LtEq" { return 4 }
if kind == "GtEq" { return 4 }
if kind == "Plus" { return 5 }
if kind == "Minus" { return 5 }
if kind == "Star" { return 6 }
if kind == "Slash" { return 6 }
0
}
fn is_binop(kind: String) -> Bool {
if kind == "Or" { return true }
if kind == "And" { return true }
if kind == "EqEq" { return true }
if kind == "NotEq" { return true }
if kind == "Lt" { return true }
if kind == "Gt" { return true }
if kind == "LtEq" { return true }
if kind == "GtEq" { return true }
if kind == "Plus" { return true }
if kind == "Minus" { return true }
if kind == "Star" { return true }
if kind == "Slash" { return true }
false
}
fn parse_binop(tokens: [Map<String, Any>], pos: Int, min_prec: Int) -> Map<String, Any> {
let r = parse_postfix(tokens, pos)
let left = r["node"]
let p = r["pos"]
let running = true
while running {
let k = tok_kind(tokens, p)
let prec = op_precedence(k)
if is_binop(k) {
if prec >= min_prec {
let op = k
let r2 = parse_binop(tokens, p + 1, prec + 1)
let right = r2["node"]
let p = r2["pos"]
let left = { "expr": "BinOp", "op": op, "left": left, "right": right }
} else {
let running = false
}
} else {
let running = false
}
}
make_result(left, p)
}
fn parse_expr(tokens: [Map<String, Any>], pos: Int) -> Map<String, Any> {
parse_binop(tokens, pos, 1)
}
// Statement parsing
fn parse_stmt(tokens: [Map<String, Any>], pos: Int) -> Map<String, Any> {
let k = tok_kind(tokens, pos)
// let binding
if k == "Let" {
let p = pos + 1
let name = tok_value(tokens, p)
let p = p + 1
let ltype = ""
let k2 = tok_kind(tokens, p)
// optional type annotation: name: Type capture the leading
// identifier so codegen can dispatch arithmetic vs concat on
// `+` between two typed Idents.
if k2 == "Colon" {
let p = p + 1
let kt = tok_kind(tokens, p)
if kt == "Ident" {
let ltype = tok_value(tokens, p)
}
let p = skip_type(tokens, p)
}
let p = expect(tokens, p, "Eq")
let r = parse_expr(tokens, p)
let val = r["node"]
let p = r["pos"]
return make_result({ "stmt": "Let", "name": name, "value": val, "type": ltype }, p)
}
// return statement
if k == "Return" {
let p = pos + 1
let k2 = tok_kind(tokens, p)
if k2 == "RBrace" {
return make_result({ "stmt": "Return", "value": { "expr": "Nil" } }, p)
}
if k2 == "Eof" {
return make_result({ "stmt": "Return", "value": { "expr": "Nil" } }, p)
}
let r = parse_expr(tokens, p)
let val = r["node"]
let p = r["pos"]
return make_result({ "stmt": "Return", "value": val }, p)
}
// fn definition
if k == "Fn" {
let p = pos + 1
let name = tok_value(tokens, p)
let p = p + 1
let r = parse_params(tokens, p)
let params = r["params"]
let p = r["pos"]
// return type annotation: -> Type. Capture the leading identifier
// so codegen can distinguish Void-returning functions from value-
// returning ones. Anything not "Void" is treated as a value type.
let ret_type = ""
let k2 = tok_kind(tokens, p)
if k2 == "Arrow" {
let p = p + 1
let kt = tok_kind(tokens, p)
if kt == "Ident" {
let ret_type = tok_value(tokens, p)
}
let p = skip_type(tokens, p)
}
let r2 = parse_block(tokens, p)
let body = r2["stmts"]
let p = r2["pos"]
return make_result({ "stmt": "FnDef", "name": name, "params": params, "body": body, "ret_type": ret_type }, p)
}
// type definition
if k == "Type" {
let p = pos + 1
let name = tok_value(tokens, p)
let p = p + 1
let p = expect(tokens, p, "LBrace")
let fields: [Map<String, Any>] = native_list_empty()
let running = true
while running {
let k2 = tok_kind(tokens, p)
if k2 == "RBrace" {
let running = false
} else {
if k2 == "Eof" {
let running = false
} else {
let fname = tok_value(tokens, p)
let p = p + 1
let p = expect(tokens, p, "Colon")
let p = skip_type(tokens, p)
let fields = native_list_append(fields, { "name": fname })
let k3 = tok_kind(tokens, p)
if k3 == "Comma" {
let p = p + 1
}
}
}
}
let p = expect(tokens, p, "RBrace")
return make_result({ "stmt": "TypeDef", "name": name, "fields": fields }, p)
}
// enum definition
if k == "Enum" {
let p = pos + 1
let name = tok_value(tokens, p)
let p = p + 1
let p = expect(tokens, p, "LBrace")
let variants: [Map<String, Any>] = native_list_empty()
let running = true
while running {
let k2 = tok_kind(tokens, p)
if k2 == "RBrace" {
let running = false
} else {
if k2 == "Eof" {
let running = false
} else {
let vname = tok_value(tokens, p)
let p = p + 1
let variants = native_list_append(variants, { "name": vname })
let k3 = tok_kind(tokens, p)
if k3 == "Comma" {
let p = p + 1
}
}
}
}
let p = expect(tokens, p, "RBrace")
return make_result({ "stmt": "EnumDef", "name": name, "variants": variants }, p)
}
// import statement
if k == "Import" {
let p = pos + 1
let path = tok_value(tokens, p)
let p = p + 1
return make_result({ "stmt": "Import", "path": path }, p)
}
// from ... import { ... }
if k == "From" {
let p = pos + 1
let module_name = tok_value(tokens, p)
let p = p + 1
// skip "import" keyword
let k2 = tok_kind(tokens, p)
if k2 == "Import" {
let p = p + 1
}
// skip { Name, ... }
let k3 = tok_kind(tokens, p)
if k3 == "LBrace" {
let p = p + 1
let running = true
while running {
let k4 = tok_kind(tokens, p)
if k4 == "RBrace" {
let running = false
} else {
if k4 == "Eof" {
let running = false
} else {
let p = p + 1
let k5 = tok_kind(tokens, p)
if k5 == "Comma" {
let p = p + 1
}
}
}
}
let p = expect(tokens, p, "RBrace")
}
return make_result({ "stmt": "Import", "path": module_name }, p)
}
// while loop
if k == "While" {
let p = pos + 1
let prev_no_block: String = state_get("__no_block_expr")
state_set("__no_block_expr", "1")
let r = parse_expr(tokens, p)
state_set("__no_block_expr", prev_no_block)
let cond = r["node"]
let p = r["pos"]
let r2 = parse_block(tokens, p)
let body = r2["stmts"]
let p = r2["pos"]
return make_result({ "stmt": "While", "cond": cond, "body": body }, p)
}
// for loop
if k == "For" {
let p = pos + 1
let item_name = tok_value(tokens, p)
let p = p + 1
let p = expect(tokens, p, "In")
let prev_no_block: String = state_get("__no_block_expr")
state_set("__no_block_expr", "1")
let r = parse_expr(tokens, p)
state_set("__no_block_expr", prev_no_block)
let list_expr = r["node"]
let p = r["pos"]
let r2 = parse_block(tokens, p)
let body = r2["stmts"]
let p = r2["pos"]
return make_result({ "stmt": "For", "item": item_name, "list": list_expr, "body": body }, p)
}
// @decorator capture decorator name and attach to following stmt
if k == "At" {
let p = pos + 1
let dec_name = tok_value(tokens, p)
let p = p + 1
let r = parse_stmt(tokens, p)
let inner = r["node"]
let p2 = r["pos"]
let inner_kind: String = inner["stmt"]
if str_eq(inner_kind, "FnDef") {
let with_dec = {
"stmt": "FnDef",
"name": inner["name"],
"params": inner["params"],
"body": inner["body"],
"ret_type": inner["ret_type"],
"decorator": dec_name
}
return make_result(with_dec, p2)
}
return r
}
// cgi block: cgi "name" { field: "val", ... }
if k == "Cgi" {
let p = pos + 1
let name = tok_value(tokens, p)
let p = p + 1
let p = expect(tokens, p, "LBrace")
let dharma_id = ""
let principal = ""
let network = ""
let engram = ""
let has_dharma_id = false
let has_principal = false
let has_network = false
let has_engram = false
let running = true
while running {
let k2 = tok_kind(tokens, p)
if k2 == "RBrace" {
let running = false
} else {
if k2 == "Eof" {
let running = false
} else {
let fname = tok_value(tokens, p)
let p = p + 1
let p = expect(tokens, p, "Colon")
let fval = tok_value(tokens, p)
let p = p + 1
if str_eq(fname, "dharma_id") {
let dharma_id = fval
let has_dharma_id = true
}
if str_eq(fname, "principal") {
let principal = fval
let has_principal = true
}
if str_eq(fname, "network") {
let network = fval
let has_network = true
}
if str_eq(fname, "engram") {
let engram = fval
let has_engram = true
}
let k3 = tok_kind(tokens, p)
if k3 == "Comma" {
let p = p + 1
}
}
}
}
let p = expect(tokens, p, "RBrace")
return make_result({
"stmt": "CgiBlock",
"name": name,
"dharma_id": dharma_id,
"principal": principal,
"network": network,
"engram": engram,
"has_dharma_id": has_dharma_id,
"has_principal": has_principal,
"has_network": has_network,
"has_engram": has_engram
}, p)
}
// service block: service "name" { sponsor: "...", domain: "...", ... }
//
// A `service` declaration restricts the program's capabilities at
// compile time: services CANNOT call self-formation primitives
// (llm_call_agentic, llm_register_tool, dharma_emit, dharma_field,
// mindlink-creation). Codegen enforces this with #error directives.
if k == "Service" {
let p = pos + 1
let name = tok_value(tokens, p)
let p = p + 1
let p = expect(tokens, p, "LBrace")
let sponsor = ""
let domain = ""
let running = true
while running {
let k2 = tok_kind(tokens, p)
if k2 == "RBrace" {
let running = false
} else {
if k2 == "Eof" {
let running = false
} else {
let fname = tok_value(tokens, p)
let p = p + 1
let p = expect(tokens, p, "Colon")
let fval = tok_value(tokens, p)
let p = p + 1
if str_eq(fname, "sponsor") {
let sponsor = fval
}
if str_eq(fname, "domain") {
let domain = fval
}
let k3 = tok_kind(tokens, p)
if k3 == "Comma" {
let p = p + 1
}
}
}
}
let p = expect(tokens, p, "RBrace")
return make_result({
"stmt": "ServiceBlock",
"name": name,
"sponsor": sponsor,
"domain": domain
}, p)
}
// Bare reassignment: `name = expr`. Handled BEFORE the expression
// fallback so we don't drop the assign on the floor and emit three
// orphan expressions (the original silent-miscompile bug). El's `let`
// already permits redeclaration, so this only applies when the parser
// sees an Ident followed directly by `=`. `==` is a separate kind
// (EqEq) so there's no ambiguity.
if k == "Ident" {
let k2 = tok_kind(tokens, pos + 1)
if k2 == "Eq" {
let name = tok_value(tokens, pos)
let p = pos + 2
let r = parse_expr(tokens, p)
let val = r["node"]
let p = r["pos"]
return make_result({ "stmt": "Assign", "name": name, "value": val }, p)
}
}
// bare expression or if/match statement
let r = parse_expr(tokens, pos)
let val = r["node"]
let p = r["pos"]
make_result({ "stmt": "Expr", "value": val }, p)
}
// Top-level parse
fn parse(tokens: [Map<String, Any>]) -> [Map<String, Any>] {
let total: Int = native_list_len(tokens)
let stmts: [Map<String, Any>] = native_list_empty()
let pos: Int = 0
let running = true
while running {
if pos >= total {
let running = false
} else {
let k = tok_kind(tokens, pos)
if k == "Eof" {
let running = false
} else {
let r = parse_stmt(tokens, pos)
let stmt = r["node"]
let new_pos: Int = r["pos"]
let stmts = native_list_append(stmts, stmt)
// Guard against infinite loops if pos didn't advance, force it
if new_pos <= pos {
let pos = pos + 1
} else {
let pos = new_pos
}
}
}
}
stmts
}
// codegen.el El compiler C source code generator
//
// Input: list of AST statement maps (from parser.el)
// Output: C source printed to stdout (streamed, one line at a time)
//
// Each El program compiles to a single .c file that #includes el_runtime.h.
// Functions map directly to C functions; top-level statements become main().
//
// Entry point: fn codegen(stmts: [Map<String, Any>], source: String) -> String
// Returns "" output goes to stdout via println().
//
// Streaming output avoids O(n²) string concatenation: each emitted line is
// printed immediately rather than appended to a growing string.
// String helpers
// Escape a C string literal (double-quotes and backslashes).
fn c_escape(s: String) -> String {
let chars: [String] = native_string_chars(s)
let total: Int = native_list_len(chars)
let out = ""
let i = 0
while i < total {
let ch: String = native_list_get(chars, i)
if ch == "\"" {
let out = out + "\\\""
} else {
if ch == "\\" {
let out = out + "\\\\"
} else {
if ch == "\n" {
let out = out + "\\n"
} else {
if ch == "\r" {
let out = out + "\\r"
} else {
if ch == "\t" {
let out = out + "\\t"
} else {
let out = out + ch
}
}
}
}
}
let i = i + 1
}
out
}
fn c_str_lit(s: String) -> String {
"\"" + c_escape(s) + "\""
}
// Type mapping
fn el_type_to_c(type_str: String) -> String {
if type_str == "String" { return "const char*" }
if type_str == "Int" { return "int64_t" }
if type_str == "Bool" { return "int" }
if type_str == "Float" { return "double" }
if type_str == "Void" { return "void" }
if type_str == "void" { return "void" }
"void*"
}
// Code emission
//
// emit_line/emit_blank stream output directly via println.
// This avoids building a large string in memory.
fn emit_line(line: String) -> Void {
println(line)
}
fn emit_blank() -> Void {
println("")
}
// Operator helpers
fn binop_to_c(op: String) -> String {
if op == "Plus" { return "+" }
if op == "Minus" { return "-" }
if op == "Star" { return "*" }
if op == "Slash" { return "/" }
if op == "EqEq" { return "==" }
if op == "NotEq" { return "!=" }
if op == "Lt" { return "<" }
if op == "Gt" { return ">" }
if op == "LtEq" { return "<=" }
if op == "GtEq" { return ">=" }
if op == "And" { return "&&" }
if op == "Or" { return "||" }
op
}
// Expression codegen
//
// cg_expr returns a C expression string (not a statement).
// duration_unit_nanos multiplier from a postfix-literal unit name to
// nanoseconds. Singular and plural forms collapse to the same multiplier;
// the parser already restricted `unit` to the set is_duration_unit accepts.
// Returns the multiplier as a decimal string suitable for splicing into
// the generated C as a literal int64 expression.
fn duration_unit_nanos(unit: String) -> String {
if str_eq(unit, "nano") { return "1LL" }
if str_eq(unit, "nanos") { return "1LL" }
if str_eq(unit, "milli") { return "1000000LL" }
if str_eq(unit, "millis") { return "1000000LL" }
if str_eq(unit, "millisecond") { return "1000000LL" }
if str_eq(unit, "milliseconds") { return "1000000LL" }
if str_eq(unit, "second") { return "1000000000LL" }
if str_eq(unit, "seconds") { return "1000000000LL" }
if str_eq(unit, "minute") { return "60000000000LL" }
if str_eq(unit, "minutes") { return "60000000000LL" }
if str_eq(unit, "hour") { return "3600000000000LL" }
if str_eq(unit, "hours") { return "3600000000000LL" }
if str_eq(unit, "day") { return "86400000000000LL" }
if str_eq(unit, "days") { return "86400000000000LL" }
"1LL"
}
fn cg_expr(expr: Map<String, Any>) -> String {
let kind: String = expr["expr"]
if kind == "Int" {
let v: String = expr["value"]
return v
}
// DurationLit postfix-literal time value (e.g. 30.seconds, 1.hour).
// Lowered to a literal int64 nanosecond count, wrapped in the runtime
// entry point so the intent is explicit at the C level. The arithmetic
// is fully constant-folded by any optimising C compiler.
if kind == "DurationLit" {
let count: String = expr["count"]
let unit: String = expr["unit"]
let mult: String = duration_unit_nanos(unit)
return "el_duration_from_nanos((el_val_t)(" + count + "LL * " + mult + "))"
}
if kind == "Float" {
// Wrap Float literals in el_from_float() so the bit pattern is
// preserved through the el_val_t (int64) slot. Without this,
// implicit doubleint64 conversion in C truncates `0.8` to `0`
// when passed to a builtin that expects el_val_t.
let v: String = expr["value"]
return "el_from_float(" + v + ")"
}
if kind == "Str" {
let v: String = expr["value"]
return "EL_STR(" + c_str_lit(v) + ")"
}
if kind == "Bool" {
let v: String = expr["value"]
if v == "true" { return "1" }
return "0"
}
if kind == "Nil" {
return "EL_NULL"
}
if kind == "Ident" {
let name: String = expr["name"]
return name
}
if kind == "Not" {
let inner = expr["inner"]
let inner_c: String = cg_expr(inner)
return "!" + inner_c
}
if kind == "Neg" {
let inner = expr["inner"]
let inner_c: String = cg_expr(inner)
return "(-" + inner_c + ")"
}
if kind == "BinOp" {
let op: String = expr["op"]
let left = expr["left"]
let right = expr["right"]
let left_c: String = cg_expr(left)
let right_c: String = cg_expr(right)
let left_kind: String = left["expr"]
let right_kind: String = right["expr"]
// Temporal-type dispatch (Instant + Duration first-class)
// Run BEFORE the int / string / generic paths so typed temporal
// operands route through the runtime wrappers and invalid combos
// become #error directives rather than silently falling through to
// raw int arithmetic. The wrappers are no-op casts at the C level
// but make the intent explicit and centralise future changes (e.g.
// saturating arithmetic, overflow guards).
let left_is_inst: Bool = is_instant_expr(left)
let right_is_inst: Bool = is_instant_expr(right)
let left_is_dur: Bool = is_duration_expr(left)
let right_is_dur: Bool = is_duration_expr(right)
// Phase 1.5 LocalDate / LocalTime / CalendarTime dispatch. These
// route through their typed runtime wrappers (el_local_date_add_dur,
// el_local_time_add_dur, el_local_date_lt, el_local_date_eq) and
// forbid mismatched ops at codegen time. Cross-calendar arithmetic
// (CalendarTime + CalendarTime, CalendarTime - CalendarTime under
// mismatched calendars) is structurally meaningless: a CalendarTime
// already projects an Instant under a Calendar, so subtraction
// between two of them only makes sense in instant-space (use
// cal_to_instant first).
let left_is_ld: Bool = is_localdate_expr(left)
let right_is_ld: Bool = is_localdate_expr(right)
let left_is_lt: Bool = is_localtime_expr(left)
let right_is_lt: Bool = is_localtime_expr(right)
let left_is_ct: Bool = is_caltime_expr(left)
let right_is_ct: Bool = is_caltime_expr(right)
if left_is_ld {
if op == "Plus" {
if right_is_dur {
return "el_local_date_add_dur(" + left_c + ", " + right_c + ")"
}
}
if op == "Lt" {
if right_is_ld { return "el_local_date_lt(" + left_c + ", " + right_c + ")" }
}
if op == "EqEq" {
if right_is_ld { return "el_local_date_eq(" + left_c + ", " + right_c + ")" }
}
}
if left_is_lt {
if op == "Plus" {
if right_is_dur {
return "el_local_time_add_dur(" + left_c + ", " + right_c + ")"
}
}
}
if left_is_ct {
if op == "Plus" {
if right_is_ct {
time_record_violation("caltime_plus_caltime", "CalendarTime + CalendarTime is not allowed (use cal_to_instant + Duration)")
return "0 /* TIME_TYPE_ERROR: CalendarTime + CalendarTime */"
}
}
}
let any_temporal: Bool = false
if left_is_inst { let any_temporal = true }
if right_is_inst { let any_temporal = true }
if left_is_dur { let any_temporal = true }
if right_is_dur { let any_temporal = true }
if any_temporal {
if op == "Plus" {
if left_is_inst {
if right_is_dur {
return "el_instant_add_dur(" + left_c + ", " + right_c + ")"
}
if right_is_inst {
time_record_violation("instant_plus_instant", "Instant + Instant is not allowed")
return "0 /* TIME_TYPE_ERROR: Instant + Instant */"
}
}
if left_is_dur {
if right_is_inst {
return "el_instant_add_dur(" + right_c + ", " + left_c + ")"
}
if right_is_dur {
return "el_duration_add(" + left_c + ", " + right_c + ")"
}
if is_int_expr(right) {
time_record_violation("duration_plus_int", "Duration + Int is not allowed (use duration_seconds(n) or N.seconds)")
return "0 /* TIME_TYPE_ERROR: Duration + Int */"
}
}
if right_is_dur {
if is_int_expr(left) {
time_record_violation("duration_plus_int", "Int + Duration is not allowed")
return "0 /* TIME_TYPE_ERROR: Int + Duration */"
}
}
}
if op == "Minus" {
if left_is_inst {
if right_is_dur {
return "el_instant_sub_dur(" + left_c + ", " + right_c + ")"
}
if right_is_inst {
return "el_instant_diff(" + left_c + ", " + right_c + ")"
}
}
if left_is_dur {
if right_is_dur {
return "el_duration_sub(" + left_c + ", " + right_c + ")"
}
if is_int_expr(right) {
time_record_violation("duration_minus_int", "Duration - Int is not allowed")
return "0 /* TIME_TYPE_ERROR: Duration - Int */"
}
}
}
if op == "Star" {
if left_is_dur {
if is_int_expr(right) {
return "el_duration_scale(" + left_c + ", " + right_c + ")"
}
}
if right_is_dur {
if is_int_expr(left) {
return "el_duration_scale(" + right_c + ", " + left_c + ")"
}
}
}
if op == "Slash" {
if left_is_dur {
if is_int_expr(right) {
return "el_duration_div(" + left_c + ", " + right_c + ")"
}
}
}
// Comparisons. Cross-type comparisons are forbidden.
if op == "Lt" {
if left_is_inst {
if right_is_inst { return "el_instant_lt(" + left_c + ", " + right_c + ")" }
if right_is_dur {
time_record_violation("instant_cmp_duration", "Instant < Duration is not allowed")
return "0 /* TIME_TYPE_ERROR: Instant < Duration */"
}
}
if left_is_dur {
if right_is_dur { return "el_duration_lt(" + left_c + ", " + right_c + ")" }
if right_is_inst {
time_record_violation("duration_cmp_instant", "Duration < Instant is not allowed")
return "0 /* TIME_TYPE_ERROR: Duration < Instant */"
}
}
}
if op == "LtEq" {
if left_is_inst {
if right_is_inst { return "el_instant_le(" + left_c + ", " + right_c + ")" }
}
if left_is_dur {
if right_is_dur { return "el_duration_le(" + left_c + ", " + right_c + ")" }
}
}
if op == "Gt" {
if left_is_inst {
if right_is_inst { return "el_instant_gt(" + left_c + ", " + right_c + ")" }
}
if left_is_dur {
if right_is_dur { return "el_duration_gt(" + left_c + ", " + right_c + ")" }
}
}
if op == "GtEq" {
if left_is_inst {
if right_is_inst { return "el_instant_ge(" + left_c + ", " + right_c + ")" }
}
if left_is_dur {
if right_is_dur { return "el_duration_ge(" + left_c + ", " + right_c + ")" }
}
}
if op == "EqEq" {
if left_is_inst {
if right_is_inst { return "el_instant_eq(" + left_c + ", " + right_c + ")" }
}
if left_is_dur {
if right_is_dur { return "el_duration_eq(" + left_c + ", " + right_c + ")" }
}
}
if op == "NotEq" {
if left_is_inst {
if right_is_inst { return "el_instant_ne(" + left_c + ", " + right_c + ")" }
}
if left_is_dur {
if right_is_dur { return "el_duration_ne(" + left_c + ", " + right_c + ")" }
}
}
// Fall through let the existing path handle anything we
// didn't explicitly cover (typically string-concat with a
// typed temporal value, e.g. for debug prints, which works
// because both share the int64 slot).
}
if op == "Plus" {
// If either side is a string literal, always concat
if left_kind == "Str" {
return "el_str_concat(" + left_c + ", " + right_c + ")"
}
if right_kind == "Str" {
return "el_str_concat(" + left_c + ", " + right_c + ")"
}
// Type-driven dispatch via recursive is_int_expr: any expression
// whose value is provably Int (literal, typed Ident, known-Int
// builtin, or BinOp arithmetic over Ints) participates in
// arithmetic, not string concat. Recursion into BinOp lets
// `a + b + c` (chained Int adds) and `acc * 16 + d` route to
// arithmetic instead of falling to el_str_concat both sides
// are Int so the outer `+` is too.
if is_int_expr(left) {
if is_int_expr(right) {
let op_c: String = binop_to_c(op)
return "(" + left_c + " " + op_c + " " + right_c + ")"
}
}
// Mixed cases: at least one side is provably Int but the other
// is not provably anything. Historical heuristic biases to
// arithmetic when a literal Int is present (preserves prior
// behaviour for `pos + 1` where `pos` is an untyped param).
if left_kind == "Int" {
let op_c: String = binop_to_c(op)
return "(" + left_c + " " + op_c + " " + right_c + ")"
}
if right_kind == "Int" {
let op_c: String = binop_to_c(op)
return "(" + left_c + " " + op_c + " " + right_c + ")"
}
// Otherwise: BinOp(+) with a Call/Ident side without int-typed
// evidence fall back to string concat (the historical default).
if left_kind == "Call" {
return "el_str_concat(" + left_c + ", " + right_c + ")"
}
if right_kind == "Call" {
return "el_str_concat(" + left_c + ", " + right_c + ")"
}
if left_kind == "BinOp" {
let left_op: String = left["op"]
if left_op == "Plus" {
return "el_str_concat(" + left_c + ", " + right_c + ")"
}
}
if right_kind == "BinOp" {
let right_op: String = right["op"]
if right_op == "Plus" {
return "el_str_concat(" + left_c + ", " + right_c + ")"
}
}
if left_kind == "Ident" {
return "el_str_concat(" + left_c + ", " + right_c + ")"
}
if right_kind == "Ident" {
return "el_str_concat(" + left_c + ", " + right_c + ")"
}
}
// String equality: use str_eq() when either side is a string literal or ident.
// Use plain == when comparing integer literals OR when both sides are
// identifiers tracked in __int_names (typed Int via `let x: Int = ...`).
// Without the int-name check, `seen == idx` between two Int locals
// miscompiles to str_eq(seen, idx), strcmp'ing what are integer values
// dressed as char* segfault on the first non-printable byte.
if op == "EqEq" {
if left_kind == "Int" {
return "(" + left_c + " == " + right_c + ")"
}
if right_kind == "Int" {
return "(" + left_c + " == " + right_c + ")"
}
if left_kind == "Bool" {
return "(" + left_c + " == " + right_c + ")"
}
if right_kind == "Bool" {
return "(" + left_c + " == " + right_c + ")"
}
if left_kind == "Ident" {
if right_kind == "Ident" {
let lname: String = left["name"]
let rname: String = right["name"]
if is_int_name(lname) {
if is_int_name(rname) {
return "(" + left_c + " == " + right_c + ")"
}
}
}
}
// Extend int-equality to mixed Ident/BinOp cases: `i == n - 1`
// where the left is an int-name Ident and the right is an
// arithmetic BinOp (or vice-versa). Without this check the
// fallthrough to str_eq produces str_eq(int_value, int_value)
// which reads the integer as a char* and segfaults.
if is_int_expr(left) {
if is_int_expr(right) {
return "(" + left_c + " == " + right_c + ")"
}
}
if left_kind == "Str" {
return "str_eq(" + left_c + ", " + right_c + ")"
}
if right_kind == "Str" {
return "str_eq(" + left_c + ", " + right_c + ")"
}
if left_kind == "Ident" {
return "str_eq(" + left_c + ", " + right_c + ")"
}
if right_kind == "Ident" {
return "str_eq(" + left_c + ", " + right_c + ")"
}
if left_kind == "Call" {
return "str_eq(" + left_c + ", " + right_c + ")"
}
if right_kind == "Call" {
return "str_eq(" + left_c + ", " + right_c + ")"
}
}
if op == "NotEq" {
if left_kind == "Int" {
return "(" + left_c + " != " + right_c + ")"
}
if right_kind == "Int" {
return "(" + left_c + " != " + right_c + ")"
}
if left_kind == "Bool" {
return "(" + left_c + " != " + right_c + ")"
}
if right_kind == "Bool" {
return "(" + left_c + " != " + right_c + ")"
}
if left_kind == "Ident" {
if right_kind == "Ident" {
let lname: String = left["name"]
let rname: String = right["name"]
if is_int_name(lname) {
if is_int_name(rname) {
return "(" + left_c + " != " + right_c + ")"
}
}
}
}
// Same mixed Ident/BinOp fix as EqEq: use is_int_expr to detect
// integer-typed operands before falling through to !str_eq.
if is_int_expr(left) {
if is_int_expr(right) {
return "(" + left_c + " != " + right_c + ")"
}
}
if left_kind == "Str" {
return "!str_eq(" + left_c + ", " + right_c + ")"
}
if right_kind == "Str" {
return "!str_eq(" + left_c + ", " + right_c + ")"
}
if left_kind == "Ident" {
return "!str_eq(" + left_c + ", " + right_c + ")"
}
if right_kind == "Ident" {
return "!str_eq(" + left_c + ", " + right_c + ")"
}
if left_kind == "Call" {
return "!str_eq(" + left_c + ", " + right_c + ")"
}
if right_kind == "Call" {
return "!str_eq(" + left_c + ", " + right_c + ")"
}
}
let op_c: String = binop_to_c(op)
return "(" + left_c + " " + op_c + " " + right_c + ")"
}
if kind == "Call" {
let func = expr["func"]
let args = expr["args"]
let arity: Int = native_list_len(args)
let func_kind: String = func["expr"]
let args_c = ""
let i = 0
while i < arity {
let arg = native_list_get(args, i)
let arg_c: String = cg_expr(arg)
if i > 0 {
let args_c = args_c + ", "
}
let args_c = args_c + arg_c
let i = i + 1
}
if func_kind == "Ident" {
let fn_name: String = func["name"]
// Capability-kind enforcement: services can't call
// self-formation primitives; utilities can't call any
// DHARMA or LLM primitives. cap_check_call records
// violations to be emitted as #error directives at the
// top of the generated C, so cc fails with a clear msg.
cap_check_call(fn_name)
// Arity check against the builtin table refuse, with a clear
// El-source message, when a known builtin gets the wrong arg
// count (e.g. `http_serve(port)` instead of `http_serve(port,
// handler)`). User-defined fns and variadic builtins pass
// through (builtin_arity returns -1).
arity_check_call(fn_name, arity)
// sleep(Duration) Phase 1 of the typed-time work. When the
// single arg is provably a Duration we lower to el_sleep_duration
// so the runtime sees nanos directly. Existing sleep() callers
// that pass an Int still emit `sleep(<int>)`, which falls through
// to the no-such-symbol path those call sites must migrate to
// a typed Duration. Acceptable: the spec marks them out for an
// audit pass during Phase 1.
if str_eq(fn_name, "sleep") {
if arity == 1 {
let only_arg = native_list_get(args, 0)
if is_duration_expr(only_arg) {
return "el_sleep_duration(" + args_c + ")"
}
}
}
return fn_name + "(" + args_c + ")"
}
if func_kind == "Field" {
let obj = func["object"]
let field: String = func["field"]
let obj_c: String = cg_expr(obj)
if arity > 0 {
return field + "(" + obj_c + ", " + args_c + ")"
}
return field + "(" + obj_c + ")"
}
let fn_c: String = cg_expr(func)
return fn_c + "(" + args_c + ")"
}
if kind == "Field" {
let obj = expr["object"]
let field: String = expr["field"]
let obj_c: String = cg_expr(obj)
// el_get_field takes el_val_t for both args, so the field name
// string literal must be wrapped in EL_STR(). Without the wrap
// the C compiler treats the bare const char* as an int64 (warns
// -Wint-conversion) and the runtime reads gibberish at the address
// when looking up the key.
return "el_get_field(" + obj_c + ", EL_STR(" + c_str_lit(field) + "))"
}
if kind == "Index" {
// El programs use `t["field"]` for map access and `arr[i]` for
// list access. The parser emits the same Index node for both.
// Dispatch at codegen time on the index expression kind: string-
// literal index map field access (`el_get_field`); anything
// else list element access (`el_list_get`).
let obj = expr["object"]
let idx = expr["index"]
let obj_c: String = cg_expr(obj)
let idx_c: String = cg_expr(idx)
let idx_kind: String = idx["expr"]
if str_eq(idx_kind, "Str") {
return "el_get_field(" + obj_c + ", " + idx_c + ")"
}
return "el_list_get(" + obj_c + ", " + idx_c + ")"
}
if kind == "Array" {
let elems = expr["elems"]
let n: Int = native_list_len(elems)
// Empty literal: el_list_new(0, ) generates malformed C (trailing
// comma in a varargs call). Emit el_list_empty() directly.
if n == 0 { return "el_list_empty()" }
let items = ""
let i = 0
while i < n {
let elem = native_list_get(elems, i)
let elem_c: String = cg_expr(elem)
if i > 0 {
let items = items + ", "
}
let items = items + elem_c
let i = i + 1
}
return "el_list_new(" + native_int_to_str(n) + ", " + items + ")"
}
if kind == "Map" {
let pairs = expr["pairs"]
let n: Int = native_list_len(pairs)
// Empty literal: `el_map_new(0, )` is malformed C (trailing comma in
// a varargs call). Emit `el_map_new(0)` directly so empty-map
// shadowing inside for/while/if bodies `let acc: Map = {}`
// doesn't fail downstream cc with parse errors.
if n == 0 { return "el_map_new(0)" }
let items = ""
let i = 0
while i < n {
let pair = native_list_get(pairs, i)
let key: String = pair["key"]
let val = pair["value"]
let val_c: String = cg_expr(val)
if i > 0 {
let items = items + ", "
}
let items = items + c_str_lit(key) + ", " + val_c
let i = i + 1
}
return "el_map_new(" + native_int_to_str(n) + ", " + items + ")"
}
if kind == "Try" {
let inner = expr["inner"]
return cg_expr(inner)
}
if kind == "If" {
return cg_if_expr(expr)
}
if kind == "Match" {
return cg_match(expr)
}
"EL_NULL"
}
// Match codegen
//
// Lower a match expression to a GCC/Clang statement-expression.
// A unique label suffix is allocated per match via state_set("__match_counter").
fn next_match_id() -> String {
let csv: String = state_get("__match_counter")
let n = 0
if !str_eq(csv, "") {
let n = str_to_int(csv)
}
let n = n + 1
state_set("__match_counter", native_int_to_str(n))
native_int_to_str(n)
}
fn cg_match(expr: Map<String, Any>) -> String {
let subject = expr["subject"]
let arms = expr["arms"]
let subj_c: String = cg_expr(subject)
let id: String = next_match_id()
let subj_var: String = "_match_subj_" + id
let result_var: String = "_match_result_" + id
let done_label: String = "_match_done_" + id
let out: String = "({ el_val_t " + subj_var + " = " + subj_c + "; el_val_t " + result_var + " = 0; "
let n: Int = native_list_len(arms)
let i = 0
while i < n {
let arm = native_list_get(arms, i)
let pat = arm["pattern"]
let body = arm["body"]
let pkind: String = pat["pattern"]
let body_c: String = cg_expr(body)
if str_eq(pkind, "Wildcard") {
let out = out + "{ " + result_var + " = (" + body_c + "); goto " + done_label + "; } "
} else {
if str_eq(pkind, "Binding") {
let bname: String = pat["name"]
let out = out + "{ el_val_t " + bname + " = " + subj_var + "; " + result_var + " = (" + body_c + "); goto " + done_label + "; } "
} else {
if str_eq(pkind, "LitInt") {
let v: String = pat["value"]
let out = out + "if (" + subj_var + " == " + v + ") { " + result_var + " = (" + body_c + "); goto " + done_label + "; } "
} else {
if str_eq(pkind, "LitStr") {
let v: String = pat["value"]
let out = out + "if (str_eq(" + subj_var + ", EL_STR(" + c_str_lit(v) + "))) { " + result_var + " = (" + body_c + "); goto " + done_label + "; } "
} else {
if str_eq(pkind, "LitBool") {
let v: String = pat["value"]
let bv = "0"
if str_eq(v, "true") {
let bv = "1"
}
let out = out + "if (" + subj_var + " == " + bv + ") { " + result_var + " = (" + body_c + "); goto " + done_label + "; } "
} else {
// unknown pattern wildcard
let out = out + "{ " + result_var + " = (" + body_c + "); goto " + done_label + "; } "
}
}
}
}
}
let i = i + 1
}
let out = out + done_label + ":; " + result_var + "; })"
out
}
// If-as-expression codegen
//
// Lower `if cond { thenBody } else { elseBody }` used in expression position
// (e.g. `let x = if a { b } else { c }`) to a GCC/Clang statement-expression
// so the actual arm bodies are evaluated, not just `(cond ? 1 : 0)`.
//
// Each arm body is a list of statements; the result of the arm is the value
// of its final Expr statement (mirroring transform_implicit_return at function
// scope). Statements before the final Expr are emitted as expression-statements
// for their side effects.
fn next_if_id() -> String {
let csv: String = state_get("__if_expr_counter")
let n = 0
if !str_eq(csv, "") {
let n = str_to_int(csv)
}
let n = n + 1
state_set("__if_expr_counter", native_int_to_str(n))
native_int_to_str(n)
}
// Render a single arm of the if-as-expression: emit each statement-before-last
// as a side-effecting expression, then assign the final Expr's value to the
// result var. If the arm body is empty or its last stmt isn't an Expr, the
// result var stays at its initial 0.
fn cg_if_expr_arm(stmts: [Map<String, Any>], result_var: String) -> String {
let n: Int = native_list_len(stmts)
let out = ""
let i = 0
while i < n {
let s = native_list_get(stmts, i)
let sk: String = s["stmt"]
let is_last: Bool = false
if i == n - 1 { let is_last = true }
if str_eq(sk, "Let") {
let name: String = s["name"]
let val = s["value"]
let val_c: String = cg_expr(val)
let out = out + "el_val_t " + name + " = " + val_c + "; "
} else {
if str_eq(sk, "Return") {
let val = s["value"]
let val_c: String = cg_expr(val)
let out = out + result_var + " = (" + val_c + "); "
} else {
if str_eq(sk, "Expr") {
let val = s["value"]
let val_c: String = cg_expr(val)
if is_last {
let out = out + result_var + " = (" + val_c + "); "
} else {
let out = out + "(void)(" + val_c + "); "
}
} else {
if str_eq(sk, "Assign") {
// Real reassignment in an expression-position arm
// emit the store; the arm's "value" stays whatever
// result_var was last set to, which is the El
// semantics (assignment is a statement, not a value).
let aname: String = s["name"]
let aval = s["value"]
let aval_c: String = cg_expr(aval)
let out = out + aname + " = " + aval_c + "; "
} else {
// Non-trivial stmt kinds (While/For) shouldn't appear in
// expression-position arm bodies; emit nothing rather
// than malformed C.
}
}
}
}
let i = i + 1
}
out
}
fn cg_if_expr(expr: Map<String, Any>) -> String {
let cond = expr["cond"]
let then_stmts = expr["then"]
let else_stmts = expr["else"]
let has_else: Bool = expr["has_else"]
let cond_c: String = cg_expr(cond)
let id: String = next_if_id()
let result_var: String = "_if_result_" + id
let then_c: String = cg_if_expr_arm(then_stmts, result_var)
let else_c: String = ""
if has_else {
let else_c = cg_if_expr_arm(else_stmts, result_var)
}
let out: String = "({ el_val_t " + result_var + " = 0; if (" + cond_c + ") { " + then_c + "} else { " + else_c + "} " + result_var + "; })"
out
}
// Variable scope tracking
//
// El allows `let x = expr` to both declare and reassign x in the same scope.
// C doesn't allow redeclaring the same name in the same block.
// We track declared names in a list and emit `x = expr` (no type prefix)
// when x is already declared. The declared list is passed through all
// statement emitters.
fn list_contains(lst: [String], s: String) -> Bool {
let n: Int = native_list_len(lst)
let i = 0
while i < n {
let item: String = native_list_get(lst, i)
if item == s { return true }
let i = i + 1
}
false
}
// Statement codegen
//
// cg_stmt emits C lines via println. declared is a list of already-declared
// variable names in the current C scope; returns updated declared list.
fn cg_stmt(stmt: Map<String, Any>, indent: String, declared: [String]) -> [String] {
let kind: String = stmt["stmt"]
if kind == "Let" {
let name: String = stmt["name"]
let val = stmt["value"]
let val_c: String = cg_expr(val)
// If the binding is annotated `: Int` and val is an Int literal,
// register `name` in the per-function int-name set so that later
// `name + ...` dispatches to arithmetic, not concat.
let ltype: String = stmt["type"]
if str_eq(ltype, "Int") {
add_int_name(name)
}
// Temporal type annotations register the name with the matching
// typed-set so BinOp / comparison codegen routes through the
// typed wrappers and forbids cross-type ops.
if str_eq(ltype, "Instant") {
add_instant_name(name)
}
if str_eq(ltype, "Duration") {
add_duration_name(name)
}
if str_eq(ltype, "Calendar") {
add_calendar_name(name)
}
if str_eq(ltype, "CalendarTime") {
add_caltime_name(name)
}
if str_eq(ltype, "Rhythm") {
add_rhythm_name(name)
}
if str_eq(ltype, "LocalDate") {
add_localdate_name(name)
}
if str_eq(ltype, "LocalTime") {
add_localtime_name(name)
}
if str_eq(ltype, "LocalDateTime") {
add_localdt_name(name)
}
if str_eq(ltype, "Zone") {
add_zone_name(name)
}
// Inference from RHS duration literals and known-typed calls
// propagate even when the let is unannotated.
if is_instant_expr(val) {
add_instant_name(name)
}
if is_duration_expr(val) {
add_duration_name(name)
}
if is_calendar_expr(val) {
add_calendar_name(name)
}
if is_caltime_expr(val) {
add_caltime_name(name)
}
if is_rhythm_expr(val) {
add_rhythm_name(name)
}
if is_localdate_expr(val) {
add_localdate_name(name)
}
if is_localtime_expr(val) {
add_localtime_name(name)
}
if is_localdt_expr(val) {
add_localdt_name(name)
}
if is_zone_expr(val) {
add_zone_name(name)
}
let vk: String = val["expr"]
if str_eq(vk, "Int") {
add_int_name(name)
}
if list_contains(declared, name) {
emit_line(indent + name + " = " + val_c + ";")
return declared
} else {
emit_line(indent + "el_val_t " + name + " = " + val_c + ";")
return native_list_append(declared, name)
}
}
if kind == "Return" {
let val = stmt["value"]
let val_kind: String = val["expr"]
if val_kind == "Nil" {
emit_line(indent + "return 0;")
} else {
let val_c: String = cg_expr(val)
emit_line(indent + "return " + val_c + ";")
}
return declared
}
// Bare reassignment: `name = expr`. Always emits a plain C assignment
// (no `el_val_t` prefix) by construction the parser only produces
// Assign for an existing identifier. If the name happens NOT to be in
// `declared` for the current C scope (it was let-bound by an enclosing
// block) the emit still resolves at C level because the variable lives
// in the surrounding scope.
if kind == "Assign" {
let name: String = stmt["name"]
let val = stmt["value"]
let val_c: String = cg_expr(val)
emit_line(indent + name + " = " + val_c + ";")
return declared
}
if kind == "Expr" {
let val = stmt["value"]
let val_kind: String = val["expr"]
if val_kind == "If" {
cg_if_stmt(val, indent, declared)
return declared
}
if val_kind == "For" {
cg_for_stmt(val, indent, declared)
return declared
}
let val_c: String = cg_expr(val)
emit_line(indent + val_c + ";")
return declared
}
if kind == "While" {
let cond = stmt["cond"]
let body = stmt["body"]
let cond_c: String = cg_expr(cond)
let cond_c = strip_outer_parens(cond_c)
emit_line(indent + "while (" + cond_c + ") {")
// Body lives in its own C block clone so let-bindings inside the
// loop don't leak into the parent's `declared` list (which would make
// a sibling scope's `let x` emit assignment on an undeclared name).
cg_stmts(body, indent + " ", native_list_clone(declared))
emit_line(indent + "}")
return declared
}
if kind == "For" {
let item: String = stmt["item"]
let list_expr = stmt["list"]
let body = stmt["body"]
cg_for_body(item, list_expr, body, indent, declared)
return declared
}
if kind == "FnDef" { return declared }
if kind == "TypeDef" { return declared }
if kind == "EnumDef" { return declared }
if kind == "Import" { return declared }
if kind == "CgiBlock" { return declared }
declared
}
// Strip a single layer of surrounding parentheses from a C expression string.
fn strip_outer_parens(s: String) -> String {
let chars: [String] = native_string_chars(s)
let n: Int = native_list_len(chars)
if n < 2 { return s }
let first: String = native_list_get(chars, 0)
let last: String = native_list_get(chars, n - 1)
if first == "(" {
if last == ")" {
let depth = 1
let i = 1
let balanced = true
while i < n - 1 {
let ch: String = native_list_get(chars, i)
if ch == "(" {
let depth = depth + 1
}
if ch == ")" {
let depth = depth - 1
if depth == 0 {
let balanced = false
let i = n
}
}
let i = i + 1
}
if balanced {
let inner = ""
let j = 1
while j < n - 1 {
let ch: String = native_list_get(chars, j)
let inner = inner + ch
let j = j + 1
}
return inner
}
}
}
s
}
fn cg_if_stmt(expr: Map<String, Any>, indent: String, declared: [String]) -> Void {
let cond = expr["cond"]
let then_stmts = expr["then"]
let else_stmts = expr["else"]
let has_else: Bool = expr["has_else"]
let cond_c: String = cg_expr(cond)
let cond_c = strip_outer_parens(cond_c)
emit_line(indent + "if (" + cond_c + ") {")
// Each branch gets its own clone of `declared` variables let-bound
// inside the then/else block live only in that C scope, and must not
// leak back to the parent (or to the sibling branch) through shared
// list mutation. Cheap shallow copy; the entries (variable name strings)
// are shared.
cg_stmts(then_stmts, indent + " ", native_list_clone(declared))
if has_else {
emit_line(indent + "} else {")
cg_stmts(else_stmts, indent + " ", native_list_clone(declared))
}
emit_line(indent + "}")
}
fn cg_for_body(item: String, list_expr: Map<String, Any>, body: [Map<String, Any>], indent: String, declared: [String]) -> Void {
let list_c: String = cg_expr(list_expr)
let idx = "_el_i"
let list_tmp = "_el_lst"
let len_tmp = "_el_len"
emit_line(indent + "{")
emit_line(indent + " el_val_t " + list_tmp + " = " + list_c + ";")
emit_line(indent + " el_val_t " + len_tmp + " = el_list_len(" + list_tmp + ");")
emit_line(indent + " for (el_val_t " + idx + " = 0; " + idx + " < " + len_tmp + "; " + idx + "++) {")
emit_line(indent + " el_val_t " + item + " = el_list_get(" + list_tmp + ", " + idx + ");")
// Body lives inside its own C block; the loop variable and any locally
// let-bound names go out of scope at the closing brace, so we mustn't
// pollute the parent's `declared` with them.
let body_decl = native_list_clone(declared)
let body_decl = native_list_append(body_decl, item)
cg_stmts(body, indent + " ", body_decl)
emit_line(indent + " }")
emit_line(indent + "}")
}
fn cg_for_stmt(expr: Map<String, Any>, indent: String, declared: [String]) -> Void {
let item: String = expr["item"]
let list_expr = expr["list"]
let body = expr["body"]
cg_for_body(item, list_expr, body, indent, declared)
}
fn cg_stmts(stmts: [Map<String, Any>], indent: String, declared: [String]) -> [String] {
let n: Int = native_list_len(stmts)
let i = 0
let decl = declared
while i < n {
let stmt = native_list_get(stmts, i)
let decl = cg_stmt(stmt, indent, decl)
let i = i + 1
}
decl
}
// Function declaration codegen
fn param_decl(param: Map<String, Any>, idx: Int) -> String {
let name: String = param["name"]
"el_val_t " + name
}
fn params_to_c(params: [Map<String, Any>]) -> String {
let n: Int = native_list_len(params)
if n == 0 { return "void" }
let out = ""
let i = 0
while i < n {
let param = native_list_get(params, i)
let decl: String = param_decl(param, i)
if i > 0 {
let out = out + ", "
}
let out = out + decl
let i = i + 1
}
out
}
// Transform a function body so that an implicit-return final expression
// becomes an explicit Return. El allows the last expression in a function
// body to be the return value (e.g. `fn lex(s) { ... tokens }` returns
// `tokens`). Without this transform, the codegen emits the bare expression
// and falls through to the trailing `return 0;`, losing the value.
//
// Rules: a body ending in a bare Expr whose inner expr is NOT a control-
// flow construct (If/For) is rewritten so that final Expr becomes a
// Return statement carrying the same value. Bodies whose final statement
// is already a Return, While, For, or a non-value-producing form pass
// through unchanged.
fn transform_implicit_return(body: [Map<String, Any>]) -> [Map<String, Any>] {
let n: Int = native_list_len(body)
if n == 0 { return body }
let last: Map<String, Any> = native_list_get(body, n - 1)
let last_kind: String = last["stmt"]
if last_kind == "Expr" {
let val = last["value"]
let val_kind: String = val["expr"]
// Skip control-flow expressions used as statements
if val_kind == "If" { return body }
if val_kind == "For" { return body }
// Replace the last bare Expr with a Return carrying the same value
let new_body: [Map<String, Any>] = native_list_empty()
let i = 0
while i < n - 1 {
let new_body = native_list_append(new_body, native_list_get(body, i))
let i = i + 1
}
let return_stmt: Map<String, Any> = { "stmt": "Return", "value": val }
let new_body = native_list_append(new_body, return_stmt)
return new_body
}
body
}
// Test whether `name` is currently registered as an Int-typed identifier
// for the function being codegened. The set is maintained as a comma-
// bounded CSV in process state; cg_fn seeds it from typed parameters,
// cg_stmt extends it from typed `let` bindings.
fn is_int_name(name: String) -> Bool {
let csv: String = state_get("__int_names")
if str_eq(csv, "") { return false }
return str_contains(csv, "," + name + ",")
}
// Same shape as is_int_name, for Instant- and Duration-typed bindings.
// Used by the BinOp/comparison codegen to dispatch arithmetic through the
// typed runtime wrappers (el_instant_add_dur, el_duration_lt, ) and to
// surface mismatches (Instant + Instant, Duration + Int) as #error
// directives at the top of the generated C.
fn is_instant_name(name: String) -> Bool {
let csv: String = state_get("__instant_names")
if str_eq(csv, "") { return false }
return str_contains(csv, "," + name + ",")
}
fn is_duration_name(name: String) -> Bool {
let csv: String = state_get("__duration_names")
if str_eq(csv, "") { return false }
return str_contains(csv, "," + name + ",")
}
// Known runtime builtins that return Int. Used to dispatch arithmetic vs
// string-concat on `+` when one side is a Call. New builtins must be added
// here when they return Int and may participate in arithmetic.
fn is_int_call(call_expr: Map<String, Any>) -> Bool {
let func = call_expr["func"]
let fk: String = func["expr"]
if !str_eq(fk, "Ident") { return false }
let name: String = func["name"]
if str_eq(name, "str_len") { return true }
if str_eq(name, "str_index_of") { return true }
if str_eq(name, "str_to_int") { return true }
if str_eq(name, "str_char_code") { return true }
if str_eq(name, "str_count") { return true }
if str_eq(name, "str_count_chars") { return true }
if str_eq(name, "str_count_bytes") { return true }
if str_eq(name, "str_count_lines") { return true }
if str_eq(name, "str_count_words") { return true }
if str_eq(name, "str_count_letters") { return true }
if str_eq(name, "str_count_digits") { return true }
if str_eq(name, "str_last_index_of") { return true }
if str_eq(name, "str_find_chars") { return true }
if str_eq(name, "native_list_len") { return true }
if str_eq(name, "el_list_len") { return true }
if str_eq(name, "len") { return true }
if str_eq(name, "json_get_int") { return true }
if str_eq(name, "json_array_len") { return true }
if str_eq(name, "engram_node_count") { return true }
if str_eq(name, "engram_edge_count") { return true }
if str_eq(name, "time_now") { return true }
if str_eq(name, "time_now_utc") { return true }
if str_eq(name, "time_diff") { return true }
if str_eq(name, "time_add") { return true }
if str_eq(name, "time_from_parts") { return true }
if str_eq(name, "el_abs") { return true }
if str_eq(name, "el_max") { return true }
if str_eq(name, "el_min") { return true }
if str_eq(name, "float_to_int") { return true }
if str_eq(name, "unix_timestamp") { return true }
if str_eq(name, "instant_to_unix_seconds") { return true }
if str_eq(name, "instant_to_unix_millis") { return true }
if str_eq(name, "duration_to_seconds") { return true }
if str_eq(name, "duration_to_millis") { return true }
if str_eq(name, "duration_to_nanos") { return true }
return false
}
// Builtins that return an Instant. Used by is_instant_expr and the BinOp
// dispatch `now() + 5.seconds` types as Instant only because we can see
// that now() is an Instant-returning Call.
fn is_instant_call(call_expr: Map<String, Any>) -> Bool {
let func = call_expr["func"]
let fk: String = func["expr"]
if !str_eq(fk, "Ident") { return false }
let name: String = func["name"]
if str_eq(name, "now") { return true }
if str_eq(name, "el_now_instant") { return true }
if str_eq(name, "unix_seconds") { return true }
if str_eq(name, "unix_millis") { return true }
if str_eq(name, "instant_from_iso8601") { return true }
if str_eq(name, "el_instant_add_dur") { return true }
if str_eq(name, "el_instant_sub_dur") { return true }
return false
}
// Builtins that return a Duration. Same role as is_instant_call.
fn is_duration_call(call_expr: Map<String, Any>) -> Bool {
let func = call_expr["func"]
let fk: String = func["expr"]
if !str_eq(fk, "Ident") { return false }
let name: String = func["name"]
if str_eq(name, "el_duration_from_nanos") { return true }
if str_eq(name, "duration_seconds") { return true }
if str_eq(name, "duration_millis") { return true }
if str_eq(name, "duration_nanos") { return true }
if str_eq(name, "el_instant_diff") { return true }
if str_eq(name, "el_duration_add") { return true }
if str_eq(name, "el_duration_sub") { return true }
if str_eq(name, "el_duration_scale") { return true }
if str_eq(name, "el_duration_div") { return true }
if str_eq(name, "ttl_cache_age") { return true }
return false
}
// Phase 1.5 Calendar / CalendarTime / Rhythm / LocalDate / LocalTime /
// LocalDateTime / Zone are first-class boxed types. Each has its own name
// set in process state, populated from typed `let` bindings and parameter
// annotations. The BinOp dispatcher consults these to forbid mismatched
// arithmetic (e.g. CalendarTime + CalendarTime, LocalDate < CalendarTime).
fn is_calendar_name(name: String) -> Bool {
let csv: String = state_get("__calendar_names")
if str_eq(csv, "") { return false }
return str_contains(csv, "," + name + ",")
}
fn is_caltime_name(name: String) -> Bool {
let csv: String = state_get("__caltime_names")
if str_eq(csv, "") { return false }
return str_contains(csv, "," + name + ",")
}
fn is_rhythm_name(name: String) -> Bool {
let csv: String = state_get("__rhythm_names")
if str_eq(csv, "") { return false }
return str_contains(csv, "," + name + ",")
}
fn is_localdate_name(name: String) -> Bool {
let csv: String = state_get("__localdate_names")
if str_eq(csv, "") { return false }
return str_contains(csv, "," + name + ",")
}
fn is_localtime_name(name: String) -> Bool {
let csv: String = state_get("__localtime_names")
if str_eq(csv, "") { return false }
return str_contains(csv, "," + name + ",")
}
fn is_localdt_name(name: String) -> Bool {
let csv: String = state_get("__localdt_names")
if str_eq(csv, "") { return false }
return str_contains(csv, "," + name + ",")
}
fn is_zone_name(name: String) -> Bool {
let csv: String = state_get("__zone_names")
if str_eq(csv, "") { return false }
return str_contains(csv, "," + name + ",")
}
// Calendar-returning builtins. earth_calendar / mars_calendar / cycle_calendar
// / no_cycle_calendar / relative_calendar all box a calendar struct.
fn is_calendar_call(call_expr: Map<String, Any>) -> Bool {
let func = call_expr["func"]
let fk: String = func["expr"]
if !str_eq(fk, "Ident") { return false }
let name: String = func["name"]
if str_eq(name, "earth_calendar") { return true }
if str_eq(name, "earth_calendar_default") { return true }
if str_eq(name, "mars_calendar") { return true }
if str_eq(name, "cycle_calendar") { return true }
if str_eq(name, "no_cycle_calendar") { return true }
if str_eq(name, "relative_calendar") { return true }
return false
}
// CalendarTime-returning builtins.
fn is_caltime_call(call_expr: Map<String, Any>) -> Bool {
let func = call_expr["func"]
let fk: String = func["expr"]
if !str_eq(fk, "Ident") { return false }
let name: String = func["name"]
if str_eq(name, "now_in") { return true }
if str_eq(name, "in_calendar") { return true }
if str_eq(name, "cal_in") { return true }
if str_eq(name, "zoned") { return true }
return false
}
// Rhythm-returning builtins.
fn is_rhythm_call(call_expr: Map<String, Any>) -> Bool {
let func = call_expr["func"]
let fk: String = func["expr"]
if !str_eq(fk, "Ident") { return false }
let name: String = func["name"]
if str_eq(name, "rhythm_cycle_start") { return true }
if str_eq(name, "rhythm_cycle_phase") { return true }
if str_eq(name, "rhythm_duration") { return true }
if str_eq(name, "rhythm_session_start") { return true }
if str_eq(name, "rhythm_event") { return true }
if str_eq(name, "rhythm_and") { return true }
if str_eq(name, "rhythm_or") { return true }
if str_eq(name, "rhythm_weekday") { return true }
if str_eq(name, "rhythm_weekly_at") { return true }
return false
}
// LocalDate-returning builtins.
fn is_localdate_call(call_expr: Map<String, Any>) -> Bool {
let func = call_expr["func"]
let fk: String = func["expr"]
if !str_eq(fk, "Ident") { return false }
let name: String = func["name"]
if str_eq(name, "local_date") { return true }
if str_eq(name, "el_local_date_add_dur") { return true }
return false
}
fn is_localtime_call(call_expr: Map<String, Any>) -> Bool {
let func = call_expr["func"]
let fk: String = func["expr"]
if !str_eq(fk, "Ident") { return false }
let name: String = func["name"]
if str_eq(name, "local_time") { return true }
if str_eq(name, "el_local_time_add_dur") { return true }
return false
}
fn is_localdt_call(call_expr: Map<String, Any>) -> Bool {
let func = call_expr["func"]
let fk: String = func["expr"]
if !str_eq(fk, "Ident") { return false }
let name: String = func["name"]
if str_eq(name, "local_datetime") { return true }
return false
}
fn is_zone_call(call_expr: Map<String, Any>) -> Bool {
let func = call_expr["func"]
let fk: String = func["expr"]
if !str_eq(fk, "Ident") { return false }
let name: String = func["name"]
if str_eq(name, "zone") { return true }
if str_eq(name, "zone_utc") { return true }
if str_eq(name, "zone_local") { return true }
if str_eq(name, "zone_offset") { return true }
return false
}
fn is_calendar_expr(expr: Map<String, Any>) -> Bool {
let k: String = expr["expr"]
if str_eq(k, "Ident") { return is_calendar_name(expr["name"]) }
if str_eq(k, "Call") { return is_calendar_call(expr) }
return false
}
fn is_caltime_expr(expr: Map<String, Any>) -> Bool {
let k: String = expr["expr"]
if str_eq(k, "Ident") { return is_caltime_name(expr["name"]) }
if str_eq(k, "Call") { return is_caltime_call(expr) }
return false
}
fn is_rhythm_expr(expr: Map<String, Any>) -> Bool {
let k: String = expr["expr"]
if str_eq(k, "Ident") { return is_rhythm_name(expr["name"]) }
if str_eq(k, "Call") { return is_rhythm_call(expr) }
return false
}
fn is_localdate_expr(expr: Map<String, Any>) -> Bool {
let k: String = expr["expr"]
if str_eq(k, "Ident") { return is_localdate_name(expr["name"]) }
if str_eq(k, "Call") { return is_localdate_call(expr) }
return false
}
fn is_localtime_expr(expr: Map<String, Any>) -> Bool {
let k: String = expr["expr"]
if str_eq(k, "Ident") { return is_localtime_name(expr["name"]) }
if str_eq(k, "Call") { return is_localtime_call(expr) }
return false
}
fn is_localdt_expr(expr: Map<String, Any>) -> Bool {
let k: String = expr["expr"]
if str_eq(k, "Ident") { return is_localdt_name(expr["name"]) }
if str_eq(k, "Call") { return is_localdt_call(expr) }
return false
}
fn is_zone_expr(expr: Map<String, Any>) -> Bool {
let k: String = expr["expr"]
if str_eq(k, "Ident") { return is_zone_name(expr["name"]) }
if str_eq(k, "Call") { return is_zone_call(expr) }
return false
}
// Recursive type predicates for Instant / Duration. Mirror is_int_expr.
// is_instant_expr / is_duration_expr return true only when the expression
// is provably of that type at codegen time. Anything ambiguous returns
// false the BinOp dispatcher then leaves the expression on the
// untyped-int path, which is the safest fallback because at the runtime
// level all three types share the int64 slot.
fn is_instant_expr(expr: Map<String, Any>) -> Bool {
let k: String = expr["expr"]
if str_eq(k, "Ident") {
let name: String = expr["name"]
return is_instant_name(name)
}
if str_eq(k, "Call") {
return is_instant_call(expr)
}
if str_eq(k, "BinOp") {
let op: String = expr["op"]
if str_eq(op, "Plus") {
// Instant + Duration Instant
// Duration + Instant Instant
if is_instant_expr(expr["left"]) {
if is_duration_expr(expr["right"]) { return true }
}
if is_duration_expr(expr["left"]) {
if is_instant_expr(expr["right"]) { return true }
}
return false
}
if str_eq(op, "Minus") {
// Instant - Duration Instant
if is_instant_expr(expr["left"]) {
if is_duration_expr(expr["right"]) { return true }
}
return false
}
return false
}
return false
}
fn is_duration_expr(expr: Map<String, Any>) -> Bool {
let k: String = expr["expr"]
if str_eq(k, "DurationLit") { return true }
if str_eq(k, "Ident") {
let name: String = expr["name"]
return is_duration_name(name)
}
if str_eq(k, "Call") {
return is_duration_call(expr)
}
if str_eq(k, "Neg") {
return is_duration_expr(expr["inner"])
}
if str_eq(k, "BinOp") {
let op: String = expr["op"]
if str_eq(op, "Plus") {
// Duration + Duration Duration
if is_duration_expr(expr["left"]) {
if is_duration_expr(expr["right"]) { return true }
}
return false
}
if str_eq(op, "Minus") {
// Duration - Duration Duration
// Instant - Instant Duration (caught here, not in is_instant_expr)
if is_duration_expr(expr["left"]) {
if is_duration_expr(expr["right"]) { return true }
}
if is_instant_expr(expr["left"]) {
if is_instant_expr(expr["right"]) { return true }
}
return false
}
if str_eq(op, "Star") {
// Duration * Int Duration
// Int * Duration Duration
if is_duration_expr(expr["left"]) {
if is_int_expr(expr["right"]) { return true }
}
if is_int_expr(expr["left"]) {
if is_duration_expr(expr["right"]) { return true }
}
return false
}
if str_eq(op, "Slash") {
// Duration / Int Duration
if is_duration_expr(expr["left"]) {
if is_int_expr(expr["right"]) { return true }
}
return false
}
return false
}
return false
}
// Record a temporal-type violation. Surfaced as `#error` directives at the
// top of the generated C, identical machinery to cap_record_violation.
// kinds: "instant_plus_instant", "duration_plus_int", etc.
fn time_record_violation(kind: String, detail: String) -> Bool {
let csv: String = state_get("__time_violations")
if str_eq(csv, "") { let csv = "," }
let entry: String = kind + ":" + detail
let key: String = "," + entry + ","
if str_contains(csv, key) { return true }
state_set("__time_violations", csv + entry + ",")
return true
}
// Recursive type-propagation: is `expr` known-Int at codegen time?
// This unifies the BinOp(+) dispatch so chained arithmetic over Int
// operands stays arithmetic. Without recursion, a wrapping `+` between
// `BinOp(+) of two Ints` and another Int falls to el_str_concat because
// the outer dispatch only checks the immediate kind, not the inner.
//
// Rules:
// Int literal Int
// Ident in __int_names Int
// Call to known-Int builtin Int
// Neg of Int Int
// BinOp arithmetic of two Ints Int (Plus, Minus, Star, Slash, Percent)
// BinOp comparison/logical Int (yields 0/1; safe to treat as Int)
// anything else not provably Int
fn is_int_expr(expr: Map<String, Any>) -> Bool {
let k: String = expr["expr"]
if str_eq(k, "Int") { return true }
if str_eq(k, "Ident") {
let name: String = expr["name"]
return is_int_name(name)
}
if str_eq(k, "Call") {
return is_int_call(expr)
}
if str_eq(k, "Neg") {
return is_int_expr(expr["inner"])
}
if str_eq(k, "Not") {
return true
}
if str_eq(k, "BinOp") {
let op: String = expr["op"]
// Comparisons and logicals always yield 0/1 safe Int.
if str_eq(op, "EqEq") { return true }
if str_eq(op, "NotEq") { return true }
if str_eq(op, "Lt") { return true }
if str_eq(op, "Gt") { return true }
if str_eq(op, "LtEq") { return true }
if str_eq(op, "GtEq") { return true }
if str_eq(op, "And") { return true }
if str_eq(op, "Or") { return true }
// Arithmetic propagates: Int op Int Int.
if str_eq(op, "Plus") {
if is_int_expr(expr["left"]) {
if is_int_expr(expr["right"]) { return true }
}
return false
}
if str_eq(op, "Minus") {
if is_int_expr(expr["left"]) {
if is_int_expr(expr["right"]) { return true }
}
return false
}
if str_eq(op, "Star") {
if is_int_expr(expr["left"]) {
if is_int_expr(expr["right"]) { return true }
}
return false
}
if str_eq(op, "Slash") {
if is_int_expr(expr["left"]) {
if is_int_expr(expr["right"]) { return true }
}
return false
}
return false
}
return false
}
// Capability-kind enforcement
//
// A program's top-level block (cgi / service / none) determines which
// runtime primitives it may call. The compiler records violations in
// process state during cg_expr's Call emission; codegen's entry point
// then emits #error directives at the top of the generated C so the
// downstream cc step fails with a clear message.
//
// Capability tiers:
// "cgi" full self-formation. All primitives.
// "service" bounded. Cannot call self-formation primitives:
// llm_call_agentic, llm_register_tool, dharma_emit,
// dharma_field. Single-turn LLM calls are allowed.
// "utility" default. No DHARMA, no LLM. Pure compute + I/O.
//
// The compiler-level rule is structural: the binary either CAN or CANNOT
// emit the call. There is no runtime check, no opt-in, no override.
fn cap_record_violation(kind: String, fn_name: String) -> Bool {
let csv: String = state_get("__cap_violations")
if str_eq(csv, "") { let csv = "," }
let entry: String = kind + ":" + fn_name
let key: String = "," + entry + ","
if str_contains(csv, key) { return true }
state_set("__cap_violations", csv + entry + ",")
return true
}
// Self-formation primitives the cut between CGI and service. A program
// that emits these calls IS structurally a CGI; we forbid them everywhere
// else.
fn is_self_formation_call(fn_name: String) -> Bool {
if str_eq(fn_name, "llm_call_agentic") { return true }
if str_eq(fn_name, "llm_register_tool") { return true }
if str_eq(fn_name, "dharma_emit") { return true }
if str_eq(fn_name, "dharma_field") { return true }
return false
}
// Any DHARMA primitive utilities have zero network presence.
fn is_dharma_call(fn_name: String) -> Bool {
if str_eq(fn_name, "dharma_connect") { return true }
if str_eq(fn_name, "dharma_send") { return true }
if str_eq(fn_name, "dharma_activate") { return true }
if str_eq(fn_name, "dharma_emit") { return true }
if str_eq(fn_name, "dharma_field") { return true }
if str_eq(fn_name, "dharma_strengthen") { return true }
if str_eq(fn_name, "dharma_relationship") { return true }
if str_eq(fn_name, "dharma_peers") { return true }
return false
}
// Any LLM primitive utilities have no LLM access at all.
fn is_llm_call(fn_name: String) -> Bool {
if str_eq(fn_name, "llm_call") { return true }
if str_eq(fn_name, "llm_call_system") { return true }
if str_eq(fn_name, "llm_call_agentic") { return true }
if str_eq(fn_name, "llm_vision") { return true }
if str_eq(fn_name, "llm_register_tool") { return true }
if str_eq(fn_name, "llm_models") { return true }
return false
}
fn cap_check_call(fn_name: String) -> Bool {
let kind: String = state_get("__program_kind")
if str_eq(kind, "cgi") { return true }
if str_eq(kind, "service") {
if is_self_formation_call(fn_name) {
cap_record_violation("service", fn_name)
return false
}
return true
}
// utility (default)
if is_dharma_call(fn_name) {
cap_record_violation("utility", fn_name)
return false
}
if is_llm_call(fn_name) {
cap_record_violation("utility", fn_name)
return false
}
return true
}
// Emit collected capability violations as #error directives. Called
// from codegen()'s entry point right after the cgi/service-block scan,
// so they appear at the very top of the generated C.
fn emit_cap_violations() -> Void {
let csv: String = state_get("__cap_violations")
if str_eq(csv, "") { return }
if str_eq(csv, ",") { return }
let n: Int = str_len(csv)
let i: Int = 1
while i < n {
let next_comma: Int = str_index_of(str_slice(csv, i, n), ",")
if next_comma < 0 { return }
let entry: String = str_slice(csv, i, i + next_comma)
let colon: Int = str_index_of(entry, ":")
if colon > 0 {
let kind: String = str_slice(entry, 0, colon)
let fn_name: String = str_slice(entry, colon + 1, str_len(entry))
emit_line("#error \"capability violation: '" + kind + "' programs may not call '" + fn_name + "' (self-formation primitive — only 'cgi' programs may use it)\"")
}
let i = i + next_comma + 1
}
}
// Surface temporal-type violations as #error directives. The cg_expr BinOp
// dispatcher records each violation (Instant + Instant, Duration + Int, )
// as a CSV entry "kind:detail" via time_record_violation. Each entry maps
// to a single #error so downstream cc fails the build with a clear El-
// source-level message before the bogus C even links.
fn emit_time_violations() -> Void {
let csv: String = state_get("__time_violations")
if str_eq(csv, "") { return }
if str_eq(csv, ",") { return }
let n: Int = str_len(csv)
let i: Int = 1
while i < n {
let next_comma: Int = str_index_of(str_slice(csv, i, n), ",")
if next_comma < 0 { return }
let entry: String = str_slice(csv, i, i + next_comma)
let colon: Int = str_index_of(entry, ":")
if colon > 0 {
let detail: String = str_slice(entry, colon + 1, str_len(entry))
emit_line("#error \"temporal type error: " + detail + "\"")
}
let i = i + next_comma + 1
}
}
// Builtin arity table
//
// El programs sometimes call runtime builtins with the wrong number of
// arguments (e.g. `http_serve(port)` instead of `http_serve(port, handler)`).
// Without this check the generated C compiles to a call with too few /
// too many args and fails downstream cc with a generic "too few arguments"
// message that doesn't point to the El source line.
//
// Strategy: a small static table mirrors el_runtime.h. Variadic builtins
// (el_list_new, el_map_new, args) and unknown identifiers (user fns,
// dynamic dispatch) return -1 no check. A mismatch records a violation
// in process state, which emit_arity_violations() turns into #error
// directives at the top of the generated C.
fn builtin_arity(name: String) -> Int {
// I/O
if str_eq(name, "println") { return 1 }
if str_eq(name, "print") { return 1 }
if str_eq(name, "readline") { return 0 }
// String
if str_eq(name, "el_str_concat") { return 2 }
if str_eq(name, "str_eq") { return 2 }
if str_eq(name, "str_starts_with") { return 2 }
if str_eq(name, "str_ends_with") { return 2 }
if str_eq(name, "str_len") { return 1 }
if str_eq(name, "str_concat") { return 2 }
if str_eq(name, "int_to_str") { return 1 }
if str_eq(name, "str_to_int") { return 1 }
if str_eq(name, "str_slice") { return 3 }
if str_eq(name, "str_contains") { return 2 }
if str_eq(name, "str_replace") { return 3 }
if str_eq(name, "str_to_upper") { return 1 }
if str_eq(name, "str_to_lower") { return 1 }
if str_eq(name, "str_trim") { return 1 }
if str_eq(name, "str_index_of") { return 2 }
if str_eq(name, "str_split") { return 2 }
if str_eq(name, "str_char_at") { return 2 }
if str_eq(name, "str_char_code") { return 2 }
if str_eq(name, "str_pad_left") { return 3 }
if str_eq(name, "str_pad_right") { return 3 }
if str_eq(name, "str_format") { return 2 }
if str_eq(name, "str_lower") { return 1 }
if str_eq(name, "str_upper") { return 1 }
// Text-processing primitives (Phase 1)
if str_eq(name, "str_count") { return 2 }
if str_eq(name, "str_count_chars") { return 1 }
if str_eq(name, "str_count_bytes") { return 1 }
if str_eq(name, "str_count_lines") { return 1 }
if str_eq(name, "str_count_words") { return 1 }
if str_eq(name, "str_count_letters") { return 1 }
if str_eq(name, "str_count_digits") { return 1 }
if str_eq(name, "str_index_of_all") { return 2 }
if str_eq(name, "str_last_index_of") { return 2 }
if str_eq(name, "str_find_chars") { return 2 }
if str_eq(name, "str_repeat") { return 2 }
if str_eq(name, "str_reverse") { return 1 }
if str_eq(name, "str_strip_prefix") { return 2 }
if str_eq(name, "str_strip_suffix") { return 2 }
if str_eq(name, "str_strip_chars") { return 2 }
if str_eq(name, "str_lstrip") { return 1 }
if str_eq(name, "str_rstrip") { return 1 }
if str_eq(name, "is_letter") { return 1 }
if str_eq(name, "is_digit") { return 1 }
if str_eq(name, "is_alphanumeric") { return 1 }
if str_eq(name, "is_whitespace") { return 1 }
if str_eq(name, "is_punctuation") { return 1 }
if str_eq(name, "is_uppercase") { return 1 }
if str_eq(name, "is_lowercase") { return 1 }
if str_eq(name, "str_split_lines") { return 1 }
if str_eq(name, "str_split_chars") { return 1 }
if str_eq(name, "str_split_n") { return 3 }
if str_eq(name, "str_join") { return 2 }
// HTML sanitizer
if str_eq(name, "el_html_sanitize") { return 2 }
// Math
if str_eq(name, "el_abs") { return 1 }
if str_eq(name, "el_max") { return 2 }
if str_eq(name, "el_min") { return 2 }
// List
if str_eq(name, "el_list_len") { return 1 }
if str_eq(name, "el_list_get") { return 2 }
if str_eq(name, "el_list_append") { return 2 }
if str_eq(name, "el_list_empty") { return 0 }
if str_eq(name, "el_list_clone") { return 1 }
if str_eq(name, "list_push") { return 2 }
if str_eq(name, "list_push_front") { return 2 }
if str_eq(name, "list_join") { return 2 }
if str_eq(name, "list_range") { return 2 }
// Map
if str_eq(name, "el_get_field") { return 2 }
if str_eq(name, "el_map_get") { return 2 }
if str_eq(name, "el_map_set") { return 3 }
// HTTP
if str_eq(name, "http_get") { return 1 }
if str_eq(name, "http_post") { return 2 }
if str_eq(name, "http_post_json") { return 2 }
if str_eq(name, "http_get_with_headers") { return 2 }
if str_eq(name, "http_post_with_headers") { return 3 }
if str_eq(name, "http_post_form_auth") { return 3 }
if str_eq(name, "http_serve") { return 2 }
if str_eq(name, "http_set_handler") { return 1 }
// Filesystem
if str_eq(name, "fs_read") { return 1 }
if str_eq(name, "fs_write") { return 2 }
if str_eq(name, "fs_list") { return 1 }
// JSON
if str_eq(name, "json_get") { return 2 }
if str_eq(name, "json_parse") { return 1 }
if str_eq(name, "json_stringify") { return 1 }
if str_eq(name, "json_get_string") { return 2 }
if str_eq(name, "json_get_int") { return 2 }
if str_eq(name, "json_get_float") { return 2 }
if str_eq(name, "json_get_bool") { return 2 }
if str_eq(name, "json_get_raw") { return 2 }
if str_eq(name, "json_set") { return 3 }
if str_eq(name, "json_array_len") { return 1 }
// Time
if str_eq(name, "time_now") { return 0 }
if str_eq(name, "time_now_utc") { return 0 }
if str_eq(name, "sleep_secs") { return 1 }
if str_eq(name, "sleep_ms") { return 1 }
if str_eq(name, "time_format") { return 2 }
if str_eq(name, "time_to_parts") { return 1 }
if str_eq(name, "time_from_parts") { return 3 }
if str_eq(name, "time_add") { return 3 }
if str_eq(name, "time_diff") { return 3 }
// UUID
if str_eq(name, "uuid_new") { return 0 }
if str_eq(name, "uuid_v4") { return 0 }
// Env / state
if str_eq(name, "env") { return 1 }
if str_eq(name, "state_set") { return 2 }
if str_eq(name, "state_get") { return 1 }
if str_eq(name, "state_del") { return 1 }
if str_eq(name, "state_keys") { return 0 }
// Float
if str_eq(name, "float_to_str") { return 1 }
if str_eq(name, "int_to_float") { return 1 }
if str_eq(name, "float_to_int") { return 1 }
if str_eq(name, "format_float") { return 2 }
if str_eq(name, "decimal_round") { return 2 }
if str_eq(name, "str_to_float") { return 1 }
// Math (Float)
if str_eq(name, "math_sqrt") { return 1 }
if str_eq(name, "math_log") { return 1 }
if str_eq(name, "math_ln") { return 1 }
if str_eq(name, "math_sin") { return 1 }
if str_eq(name, "math_cos") { return 1 }
if str_eq(name, "math_pi") { return 0 }
// Bool
if str_eq(name, "bool_to_str") { return 1 }
// Process
if str_eq(name, "exit_program") { return 1 }
// CGI / DHARMA
if str_eq(name, "dharma_connect") { return 1 }
if str_eq(name, "dharma_send") { return 2 }
if str_eq(name, "dharma_activate") { return 1 }
if str_eq(name, "dharma_emit") { return 2 }
if str_eq(name, "dharma_field") { return 1 }
if str_eq(name, "dharma_strengthen") { return 2 }
if str_eq(name, "dharma_relationship") { return 1 }
if str_eq(name, "dharma_peers") { return 0 }
// Engram
if str_eq(name, "engram_node") { return 3 }
if str_eq(name, "engram_node_full") { return 8 }
if str_eq(name, "engram_get_node") { return 1 }
if str_eq(name, "engram_strengthen") { return 1 }
if str_eq(name, "engram_forget") { return 1 }
if str_eq(name, "engram_node_count") { return 0 }
if str_eq(name, "engram_search") { return 2 }
if str_eq(name, "engram_scan_nodes") { return 2 }
if str_eq(name, "engram_connect") { return 4 }
if str_eq(name, "engram_edge_between") { return 2 }
if str_eq(name, "engram_neighbors") { return 1 }
if str_eq(name, "engram_neighbors_filtered") { return 3 }
if str_eq(name, "engram_edge_count") { return 0 }
if str_eq(name, "engram_activate") { return 2 }
if str_eq(name, "engram_save") { return 1 }
if str_eq(name, "engram_load") { return 1 }
if str_eq(name, "engram_get_node_json") { return 1 }
if str_eq(name, "engram_search_json") { return 2 }
if str_eq(name, "engram_scan_nodes_json") { return 2 }
if str_eq(name, "engram_neighbors_json") { return 3 }
if str_eq(name, "engram_activate_json") { return 2 }
if str_eq(name, "engram_stats_json") { return 0 }
// LLM
if str_eq(name, "llm_call") { return 2 }
if str_eq(name, "llm_call_system") { return 3 }
if str_eq(name, "llm_call_agentic") { return 4 }
if str_eq(name, "llm_vision") { return 4 }
if str_eq(name, "llm_models") { return 0 }
if str_eq(name, "llm_register_tool") { return 2 }
// Crypto
if str_eq(name, "sha256_hex") { return 1 }
if str_eq(name, "sha256_bytes") { return 1 }
if str_eq(name, "hmac_sha256_hex") { return 2 }
if str_eq(name, "hmac_sha256_bytes") { return 2 }
if str_eq(name, "base64_encode") { return 1 }
if str_eq(name, "base64_decode") { return 1 }
if str_eq(name, "base64url_encode") { return 1 }
if str_eq(name, "base64url_decode") { return 1 }
// Native VM aliases
if str_eq(name, "native_list_get") { return 2 }
if str_eq(name, "native_list_len") { return 1 }
if str_eq(name, "native_list_append") { return 2 }
if str_eq(name, "native_list_empty") { return 0 }
if str_eq(name, "native_list_clone") { return 1 }
if str_eq(name, "native_string_chars") { return 1 }
if str_eq(name, "native_int_to_str") { return 1 }
// Method-call aliases
if str_eq(name, "append") { return 2 }
if str_eq(name, "len") { return 1 }
if str_eq(name, "get") { return 2 }
if str_eq(name, "map_get") { return 2 }
if str_eq(name, "map_set") { return 3 }
// -1 sentinel: variadic / unknown / user-defined no check.
return -1
}
fn arity_record_violation(fn_name: String, expected: Int, actual: Int) -> Bool {
let csv: String = state_get("__arity_violations")
if str_eq(csv, "") { let csv = "," }
// Encode as fn_name|expected|actual to recover all three at emit time.
let entry: String = fn_name + "|" + native_int_to_str(expected) + "|" + native_int_to_str(actual)
let key: String = "," + entry + ","
if str_contains(csv, key) { return true }
state_set("__arity_violations", csv + entry + ",")
return true
}
// Validate the call's arity against the builtin table. Returns true (always)
// because cg_expr ignores the result; -1 from builtin_arity signals
// "no check possible" (variadic or user-defined). A mismatch is recorded
// and surfaced as an #error at the bottom of the generated C, so cc fails
// before it ever attempts to type-check the wrong call.
fn arity_check_call(fn_name: String, actual: Int) -> Bool {
let expected: Int = builtin_arity(fn_name)
if expected < 0 { return true }
if expected == actual { return true }
arity_record_violation(fn_name, expected, actual)
return true
}
// Emit recorded arity violations as #error directives.
fn emit_arity_violations() -> Void {
let csv: String = state_get("__arity_violations")
if str_eq(csv, "") { return }
if str_eq(csv, ",") { return }
let n: Int = str_len(csv)
let i: Int = 1
while i < n {
let next_comma: Int = str_index_of(str_slice(csv, i, n), ",")
if next_comma < 0 { return }
let entry: String = str_slice(csv, i, i + next_comma)
let p1: Int = str_index_of(entry, "|")
if p1 > 0 {
let fn_name: String = str_slice(entry, 0, p1)
let rest: String = str_slice(entry, p1 + 1, str_len(entry))
let p2: Int = str_index_of(rest, "|")
if p2 > 0 {
let exp_s: String = str_slice(rest, 0, p2)
let act_s: String = str_slice(rest, p2 + 1, str_len(rest))
emit_line("#error \"arity error: '" + fn_name + "' takes " + exp_s + " arguments, but called with " + act_s + "\"")
}
}
let i = i + next_comma + 1
}
}
fn add_int_name(name: String) -> Bool {
let csv: String = state_get("__int_names")
if str_eq(csv, "") { csv = "," }
let key: String = "," + name + ","
if str_contains(csv, key) { return true }
state_set("__int_names", csv + name + ",")
return true
}
fn add_instant_name(name: String) -> Bool {
let csv: String = state_get("__instant_names")
if str_eq(csv, "") { csv = "," }
let key: String = "," + name + ","
if str_contains(csv, key) { return true }
state_set("__instant_names", csv + name + ",")
return true
}
fn add_duration_name(name: String) -> Bool {
let csv: String = state_get("__duration_names")
if str_eq(csv, "") { csv = "," }
let key: String = "," + name + ","
if str_contains(csv, key) { return true }
state_set("__duration_names", csv + name + ",")
return true
}
fn add_calendar_name(name: String) -> Bool {
let csv: String = state_get("__calendar_names")
if str_eq(csv, "") { csv = "," }
let key: String = "," + name + ","
if str_contains(csv, key) { return true }
state_set("__calendar_names", csv + name + ",")
return true
}
fn add_caltime_name(name: String) -> Bool {
let csv: String = state_get("__caltime_names")
if str_eq(csv, "") { csv = "," }
let key: String = "," + name + ","
if str_contains(csv, key) { return true }
state_set("__caltime_names", csv + name + ",")
return true
}
fn add_rhythm_name(name: String) -> Bool {
let csv: String = state_get("__rhythm_names")
if str_eq(csv, "") { csv = "," }
let key: String = "," + name + ","
if str_contains(csv, key) { return true }
state_set("__rhythm_names", csv + name + ",")
return true
}
fn add_localdate_name(name: String) -> Bool {
let csv: String = state_get("__localdate_names")
if str_eq(csv, "") { csv = "," }
let key: String = "," + name + ","
if str_contains(csv, key) { return true }
state_set("__localdate_names", csv + name + ",")
return true
}
fn add_localtime_name(name: String) -> Bool {
let csv: String = state_get("__localtime_names")
if str_eq(csv, "") { csv = "," }
let key: String = "," + name + ","
if str_contains(csv, key) { return true }
state_set("__localtime_names", csv + name + ",")
return true
}
fn add_localdt_name(name: String) -> Bool {
let csv: String = state_get("__localdt_names")
if str_eq(csv, "") { csv = "," }
let key: String = "," + name + ","
if str_contains(csv, key) { return true }
state_set("__localdt_names", csv + name + ",")
return true
}
fn add_zone_name(name: String) -> Bool {
let csv: String = state_get("__zone_names")
if str_eq(csv, "") { csv = "," }
let key: String = "," + name + ","
if str_contains(csv, key) { return true }
state_set("__zone_names", csv + name + ",")
return true
}
fn build_int_names_for_params(params: [Map<String, Any>]) -> Bool {
state_set("__int_names", ",")
state_set("__instant_names", ",")
state_set("__duration_names", ",")
state_set("__calendar_names", ",")
state_set("__caltime_names", ",")
state_set("__rhythm_names", ",")
state_set("__localdate_names", ",")
state_set("__localtime_names", ",")
state_set("__localdt_names", ",")
state_set("__zone_names", ",")
let np: Int = native_list_len(params)
let pi = 0
while pi < np {
let param = native_list_get(params, pi)
let pname: String = param["name"]
let ptype: String = param["type"]
if str_eq(ptype, "Int") {
add_int_name(pname)
}
if str_eq(ptype, "Instant") {
add_instant_name(pname)
}
if str_eq(ptype, "Duration") {
add_duration_name(pname)
}
if str_eq(ptype, "Calendar") {
add_calendar_name(pname)
}
if str_eq(ptype, "CalendarTime") {
add_caltime_name(pname)
}
if str_eq(ptype, "Rhythm") {
add_rhythm_name(pname)
}
if str_eq(ptype, "LocalDate") {
add_localdate_name(pname)
}
if str_eq(ptype, "LocalTime") {
add_localtime_name(pname)
}
if str_eq(ptype, "LocalDateTime") {
add_localdt_name(pname)
}
if str_eq(ptype, "Zone") {
add_zone_name(pname)
}
let pi = pi + 1
}
return true
}
fn cg_fn(stmt: Map<String, Any>) -> Void {
let fn_name: String = stmt["name"]
// Skip El's `fn main()` C provides its own main() for top-level stmts
// and a duplicate `el_val_t main(void)` would collide with it.
if fn_name == "main" { return }
let params = stmt["params"]
let body = stmt["body"]
let ret_type: String = stmt["ret_type"]
let params_c: String = params_to_c(params)
// VBD role enforcement: dharma_emit / dharma_field may only be called
// from @manager-decorated functions. Surface violations to the C compiler
// via #error directives emitted before the function definition.
let decorator: String = stmt["decorator"]
if vbd_has_restricted_call(body) {
if !str_eq(decorator, "manager") {
emit_line("#error \"VBD violation: dharma_emit/dharma_field called from non-@manager fn '" + fn_name + "'\"")
}
}
// Seed the per-function int-name set so the `+` codegen can dispatch
// arithmetic vs concat on type-annotated identifiers.
build_int_names_for_params(params)
emit_line("el_val_t " + fn_name + "(" + params_c + ") {")
// Seed declared with parameter names so reassignment works
let decl = native_list_empty()
let np: Int = native_list_len(params)
let pi = 0
while pi < np {
let param = native_list_get(params, pi)
let pname: String = param["name"]
let decl = native_list_append(decl, pname)
let pi = pi + 1
}
// Lift the final bare expression into an explicit return so implicit
// returns ("fn lex(s) { ... tokens }") actually return their value.
// Void-returning functions skip this wrapping `println(x)` in
// `return ` is a C type error.
let body_xformed = body
if !str_eq(ret_type, "Void") {
let body_xformed = transform_implicit_return(body)
}
cg_stmts(body_xformed, " ", decl)
emit_line(" return 0;")
emit_line("}")
emit_blank()
}
// Top-level codegen
fn is_fndef(stmt: Map<String, Any>) -> Bool {
let kind: String = stmt["stmt"]
if kind == "FnDef" { return true }
false
}
fn is_top_level_decl(stmt: Map<String, Any>) -> Bool {
let kind: String = stmt["stmt"]
if kind == "TypeDef" { return true }
if kind == "EnumDef" { return true }
if kind == "Import" { return true }
if kind == "CgiBlock" { return true }
false
}
// Format a string-or-EL_NULL argument for el_cgi_init.
fn cgi_arg(value: String, has_value: Bool) -> String {
if has_value {
return "EL_STR(" + c_str_lit(value) + ")"
}
return "EL_NULL"
}
// VBD role enforcement
//
// Scan a function body for direct calls to DHARMA-restricted builtins
// (dharma_emit, dharma_field). These may only appear inside @manager fns.
fn vbd_is_restricted_name(name: String) -> Bool {
if str_eq(name, "dharma_emit") { return true }
if str_eq(name, "dharma_field") { return true }
false
}
fn vbd_expr_has_restricted_call(expr: Map<String, Any>) -> Bool {
let kind: String = expr["expr"]
if str_eq(kind, "Call") {
let func = expr["func"]
let fk: String = func["expr"]
if str_eq(fk, "Ident") {
let fname: String = func["name"]
if vbd_is_restricted_name(fname) { return true }
}
if vbd_expr_has_restricted_call(func) { return true }
let args = expr["args"]
let an: Int = native_list_len(args)
let ai = 0
while ai < an {
let a = native_list_get(args, ai)
if vbd_expr_has_restricted_call(a) { return true }
let ai = ai + 1
}
return false
}
if str_eq(kind, "BinOp") {
let l = expr["left"]
let r = expr["right"]
if vbd_expr_has_restricted_call(l) { return true }
if vbd_expr_has_restricted_call(r) { return true }
return false
}
if str_eq(kind, "Not") {
return vbd_expr_has_restricted_call(expr["inner"])
}
if str_eq(kind, "Neg") {
return vbd_expr_has_restricted_call(expr["inner"])
}
if str_eq(kind, "Field") {
return vbd_expr_has_restricted_call(expr["object"])
}
if str_eq(kind, "Index") {
if vbd_expr_has_restricted_call(expr["object"]) { return true }
if vbd_expr_has_restricted_call(expr["index"]) { return true }
return false
}
if str_eq(kind, "Try") {
return vbd_expr_has_restricted_call(expr["inner"])
}
if str_eq(kind, "Array") {
let elems = expr["elems"]
let n: Int = native_list_len(elems)
let i = 0
while i < n {
let e = native_list_get(elems, i)
if vbd_expr_has_restricted_call(e) { return true }
let i = i + 1
}
return false
}
if str_eq(kind, "Map") {
let pairs = expr["pairs"]
let n: Int = native_list_len(pairs)
let i = 0
while i < n {
let pair = native_list_get(pairs, i)
let v = pair["value"]
if vbd_expr_has_restricted_call(v) { return true }
let i = i + 1
}
return false
}
if str_eq(kind, "If") {
if vbd_expr_has_restricted_call(expr["cond"]) { return true }
if vbd_has_restricted_call(expr["then"]) { return true }
if vbd_has_restricted_call(expr["else"]) { return true }
return false
}
if str_eq(kind, "For") {
if vbd_expr_has_restricted_call(expr["list"]) { return true }
if vbd_has_restricted_call(expr["body"]) { return true }
return false
}
if str_eq(kind, "Match") {
if vbd_expr_has_restricted_call(expr["subject"]) { return true }
let arms = expr["arms"]
let n: Int = native_list_len(arms)
let i = 0
while i < n {
let arm = native_list_get(arms, i)
let body = arm["body"]
if vbd_expr_has_restricted_call(body) { return true }
let i = i + 1
}
return false
}
false
}
fn vbd_has_restricted_call(stmts: [Map<String, Any>]) -> Bool {
let n: Int = native_list_len(stmts)
let i = 0
while i < n {
let s = native_list_get(stmts, i)
let sk: String = s["stmt"]
if str_eq(sk, "Let") {
if vbd_expr_has_restricted_call(s["value"]) { return true }
}
if str_eq(sk, "Return") {
if vbd_expr_has_restricted_call(s["value"]) { return true }
}
if str_eq(sk, "Expr") {
if vbd_expr_has_restricted_call(s["value"]) { return true }
}
if str_eq(sk, "While") {
if vbd_expr_has_restricted_call(s["cond"]) { return true }
if vbd_has_restricted_call(s["body"]) { return true }
}
if str_eq(sk, "For") {
if vbd_expr_has_restricted_call(s["list"]) { return true }
if vbd_has_restricted_call(s["body"]) { return true }
}
let i = i + 1
}
false
}
// Entry point
fn codegen(stmts: [Map<String, Any>], source: String) -> String {
// Detect cgi/service blocks: at most one declarative top-level block.
// The block determines the program's CAPABILITY KIND:
// "cgi" full self-formation. Calls all primitives.
// "service" bounded. Cannot call self-formation primitives
// (llm_call_agentic, llm_register_tool, dharma_emit,
// dharma_field, mindlink-creation).
// "utility" default; no DHARMA membership, no LLM, no agentic.
// Codegen enforces this with #error directives at every restricted
// call site. The capability boundary is structural: a binary either
// CAN or CANNOT do a thing, and the compiler decides at emission time.
let n_top: Int = native_list_len(stmts)
let cgi_count = 0
let cgi_block: Map<String, Any> = { "stmt": "None" }
let svc_count = 0
let svc_block: Map<String, Any> = { "stmt": "None" }
let ti = 0
while ti < n_top {
let s = native_list_get(stmts, ti)
let sk: String = s["stmt"]
if str_eq(sk, "CgiBlock") {
let cgi_count = cgi_count + 1
if cgi_count == 1 {
let cgi_block = s
}
}
if str_eq(sk, "ServiceBlock") {
let svc_count = svc_count + 1
if svc_count == 1 {
let svc_block = s
}
}
let ti = ti + 1
}
if cgi_count > 1 {
emit_line("#error \"El: multiple cgi blocks in program (only one allowed)\"")
}
if svc_count > 1 {
emit_line("#error \"El: multiple service blocks in program (only one allowed)\"")
}
if cgi_count >= 1 {
if svc_count >= 1 {
emit_line("#error \"El: program declares both cgi and service blocks (mutually exclusive — pick one)\"")
}
}
// Stash the program kind so cg_expr's Call branch can enforce
// per-kind capability restrictions on every emitted call.
let kind: String = "utility"
if cgi_count >= 1 { let kind = "cgi" }
if svc_count >= 1 { let kind = "service" }
state_set("__program_kind", kind)
// Clear capability-violation accumulator from any prior compile.
state_set("__cap_violations", "")
// Clear arity-violation accumulator from any prior compile.
state_set("__arity_violations", "")
// Clear temporal-type-violation accumulator from any prior compile.
state_set("__time_violations", "")
// Preamble
emit_line("#include <stdint.h>")
emit_line("#include <stdlib.h>")
emit_line("#include \"el_runtime.h\"")
emit_blank()
// Forward declarations (skip `main` C provides its own)
let n: Int = native_list_len(stmts)
let i = 0
while i < n {
let stmt = native_list_get(stmts, i)
let kind: String = stmt["stmt"]
if kind == "FnDef" {
let fn_name: String = stmt["name"]
if !str_eq(fn_name, "main") {
let params = stmt["params"]
let params_c: String = params_to_c(params)
emit_line("el_val_t " + fn_name + "(" + params_c + ");")
}
}
let i = i + 1
}
emit_blank()
// Top-level `let` bindings file-scope storage. El programs use
// top-level `let GREETING = "..."` as module constants that any
// function below should be able to read. Without this pass, a top-
// level Let only declares the name inside main()'s scope and any
// function referencing it compiles to an undefined-symbol use of
// the bare name (or, with non-static linkage, fails to link).
//
// We emit each top-level Let as `el_val_t NAME = VALUE;` at file
// scope and seed the int-name set when the binding is `: Int` so
// arithmetic/concat dispatch on the name works inside functions.
// Runtime-call initializers (e.g. `let m = el_map_new(...)`) cannot
// appear in C static initializers, so we emit a non-const slot and
// initialize it at the top of main() before any user statements run.
let has_toplevel_lets = false
let i = 0
while i < n {
let stmt = native_list_get(stmts, i)
let kind: String = stmt["stmt"]
if str_eq(kind, "Let") {
let name: String = stmt["name"]
let ltype: String = stmt["type"]
if str_eq(ltype, "Int") { add_int_name(name) }
let val = stmt["value"]
let vk: String = val["expr"]
if str_eq(vk, "Int") { add_int_name(name) }
emit_line("el_val_t " + name + ";")
let has_toplevel_lets = true
}
let i = i + 1
}
if has_toplevel_lets {
emit_blank()
}
// Function definitions
let i = 0
while i < n {
let stmt = native_list_get(stmts, i)
if is_fndef(stmt) {
cg_fn(stmt)
}
let i = i + 1
}
// main(). Use _argc/_argv so El programs are free to declare their own
// local `argv` / `argc` (compiler.el itself does this) without colliding
// with the C-side parameters when fn main()'s body is folded in below.
emit_line("int main(int _argc, char** _argv) {")
emit_line(" el_runtime_init_args(_argc, _argv);")
if cgi_count >= 1 {
let cname: String = cgi_block["name"]
let cdid: String = cgi_block["dharma_id"]
let cprin: String = cgi_block["principal"]
let cnet: String = cgi_block["network"]
let ceng: String = cgi_block["engram"]
let has_did: Bool = cgi_block["has_dharma_id"]
let has_prin: Bool = cgi_block["has_principal"]
let has_net: Bool = cgi_block["has_network"]
let has_eng: Bool = cgi_block["has_engram"]
let arg_name: String = "EL_STR(" + c_str_lit(cname) + ")"
let arg_did: String = cgi_arg(cdid, has_did)
let arg_prin: String = cgi_arg(cprin, has_prin)
let arg_net: String = cgi_arg(cnet, has_net)
let arg_eng: String = cgi_arg(ceng, has_eng)
emit_line(" el_cgi_init(" + arg_name + ", " + arg_did + ", " + arg_prin + ", " + arg_net + ", " + arg_eng + ");")
}
// Seed `declared` with the names of every top-level Let so that
// cg_stmt emits plain assignment (`X = ...;`) instead of a redundant
// `el_val_t X = ...;` shadowing the file-scope slot.
let main_decl = native_list_empty()
let i = 0
while i < n {
let stmt = native_list_get(stmts, i)
let kind: String = stmt["stmt"]
if str_eq(kind, "Let") {
let name: String = stmt["name"]
let main_decl = native_list_append(main_decl, name)
}
let i = i + 1
}
// First pass: capture the body of `fn main()` if the source declared
// one. We've already skipped emitting it as a regular el_val_t
// function (see cg_fn early return); fold its body into C's main
// alongside top-level statements so the program actually runs.
let el_main_body = native_list_empty()
let i = 0
while i < n {
let stmt = native_list_get(stmts, i)
if is_fndef(stmt) {
let fn_name: String = stmt["name"]
if str_eq(fn_name, "main") {
let body = stmt["body"]
let bn: Int = native_list_len(body)
let bi: Int = 0
while bi < bn {
let el_main_body = native_list_append(el_main_body, native_list_get(body, bi))
let bi = bi + 1
}
}
}
let i = i + 1
}
let i = 0
while i < n {
let stmt = native_list_get(stmts, i)
if is_fndef(stmt) {
// skip - fn defs already emitted above; fn main body folded later
} else {
if is_top_level_decl(stmt) {
// skip
} else {
let main_decl = cg_stmt(stmt, " ", main_decl)
}
}
// Release AST node after final use each stmt is fully processed
// by this point (forward decls, fn defs, top-level lets, and now
// the main-body pass are all done). Releasing here prevents the
// accumulated AST from exhausting memory on large source files.
el_release(stmt)
let i = i + 1
}
// Fold fn main()'s body in here, after top-level statements.
let mn: Int = native_list_len(el_main_body)
let mi: Int = 0
while mi < mn {
let mstmt = native_list_get(el_main_body, mi)
let main_decl = cg_stmt(mstmt, " ", main_decl)
let mi = mi + 1
}
emit_line(" return 0;")
emit_line("}")
emit_blank()
// Emit any accumulated capability-violation #error directives. cc
// will fail on the first one and surface the message; placement at
// the bottom is fine preprocessor errors halt the build wherever
// they appear.
emit_cap_violations()
// Same for builtin-arity violations: cc halts on the first #error,
// so a misuse of a known builtin (wrong arg count) fails the build
// with a clear message naming the builtin and its expected arity.
emit_arity_violations()
// Temporal-type violations (Instant + Instant, Duration + Int, ).
emit_time_violations()
// Return empty string output was streamed via println
""
}
// codegen-js.el El compiler JavaScript source code generator
//
// Input: list of AST statement maps (from parser.el)
// Output: JavaScript source printed to stdout (streamed, one line at a time)
//
// Each El program compiles to a single .js file that imports el_runtime.js
// (which side-effects globals so call sites stay flat println(x), not
// el.println(x)). Functions map to JS function declarations; top-level
// statements run at module load.
//
// Entry point: fn codegen_js(stmts: [Map<String, Any>], source: String) -> String
// Returns "" output goes to stdout via println().
//
// This file mirrors codegen.el (the C backend). Where the C backend has to
// fight the int64_t-everywhere convention to dispatch arithmetic vs concat
// or `==` vs `str_eq`, the JS backend can usually let JS's own operator
// semantics do the right thing. We retain the dispatch logic for clarity
// and so that explicit calls to `el_str_concat` or `str_eq` still work.
// String helpers
// Escape a JS string literal (double-quotes, backslashes, newlines, etc.).
fn js_escape(s: String) -> String {
let chars: [String] = native_string_chars(s)
let total: Int = native_list_len(chars)
let out = ""
let i = 0
while i < total {
let ch: String = native_list_get(chars, i)
if ch == "\"" {
let out = out + "\\\""
} else {
if ch == "\\" {
let out = out + "\\\\"
} else {
if ch == "\n" {
let out = out + "\\n"
} else {
if ch == "\r" {
let out = out + "\\r"
} else {
if ch == "\t" {
let out = out + "\\t"
} else {
let out = out + ch
}
}
}
}
}
let i = i + 1
}
out
}
fn js_str_lit(s: String) -> String {
"\"" + js_escape(s) + "\""
}
// Code emission
fn js_emit_line(line: String) -> Void {
println(line)
}
fn js_emit_blank() -> Void {
println("")
}
// Operator helpers
fn js_binop(op: String) -> String {
if op == "Plus" { return "+" }
if op == "Minus" { return "-" }
if op == "Star" { return "*" }
if op == "Slash" { return "/" }
if op == "Percent" { return "%" }
if op == "EqEq" { return "===" }
if op == "NotEq" { return "!==" }
if op == "Lt" { return "<" }
if op == "Gt" { return ">" }
if op == "LtEq" { return "<=" }
if op == "GtEq" { return ">=" }
if op == "And" { return "&&" }
if op == "Or" { return "||" }
op
}
// Int-name tracking (mirrors codegen.el)
fn js_is_int_name(name: String) -> Bool {
let csv: String = state_get("__js_int_names")
if str_eq(csv, "") { return false }
return str_contains(csv, "," + name + ",")
}
fn js_add_int_name(name: String) -> Bool {
let csv: String = state_get("__js_int_names")
if str_eq(csv, "") { csv = "," }
let key: String = "," + name + ","
if str_contains(csv, key) { return true }
state_set("__js_int_names", csv + name + ",")
return true
}
fn js_build_int_names_for_params(params: [Map<String, Any>]) -> Bool {
state_set("__js_int_names", ",")
let np: Int = native_list_len(params)
let pi = 0
while pi < np {
let param = native_list_get(params, pi)
let pname: String = param["name"]
let ptype: String = param["type"]
if str_eq(ptype, "Int") {
js_add_int_name(pname)
}
let pi = pi + 1
}
return true
}
fn js_is_int_call(call_expr: Map<String, Any>) -> Bool {
let func = call_expr["func"]
let fk: String = func["expr"]
if !str_eq(fk, "Ident") { return false }
let name: String = func["name"]
if str_eq(name, "str_len") { return true }
if str_eq(name, "str_index_of") { return true }
if str_eq(name, "str_to_int") { return true }
if str_eq(name, "str_char_code") { return true }
if str_eq(name, "native_list_len") { return true }
if str_eq(name, "el_list_len") { return true }
if str_eq(name, "len") { return true }
if str_eq(name, "json_get_int") { return true }
if str_eq(name, "time_now") { return true }
if str_eq(name, "time_now_utc") { return true }
if str_eq(name, "el_abs") { return true }
if str_eq(name, "el_max") { return true }
if str_eq(name, "el_min") { return true }
return false
}
// Expression codegen
//
// js_cg_expr returns a JS expression string (not a statement).
//
// Note: the C backend's `+` dispatch is preserved here for two reasons:
// 1) Generated output stays grep-equivalent across targets
// 2) Explicit `el_str_concat()` lives in the runtime; codegen routes
// through it for ambiguous (Ident+Ident, Call+Call) cases. JS's
// own `+` would also work, but el_str_concat coerces both sides
// to strings closer to the C semantics.
fn js_cg_expr(expr: Map<String, Any>) -> String {
let kind: String = expr["expr"]
if kind == "Int" {
let v: String = expr["value"]
return v
}
// DurationLit postfix-literal time value (e.g. 30.seconds, 1.hour).
// The JS backend lowers to a literal integer nanosecond count. The C
// backend uses the typed wrapper el_duration_from_nanos to make intent
// explicit at the runtime boundary; JS has no equivalent shim yet, so
// we lower directly. A future Phase 2 JS time runtime can route through
// a wrapper once added.
if kind == "DurationLit" {
let count: String = expr["count"]
let unit: String = expr["unit"]
let mult_ns = "1"
if str_eq(unit, "nano") { let mult_ns = "1" }
if str_eq(unit, "nanos") { let mult_ns = "1" }
if str_eq(unit, "milli") { let mult_ns = "1000000" }
if str_eq(unit, "millis") { let mult_ns = "1000000" }
if str_eq(unit, "millisecond") { let mult_ns = "1000000" }
if str_eq(unit, "milliseconds") { let mult_ns = "1000000" }
if str_eq(unit, "second") { let mult_ns = "1000000000" }
if str_eq(unit, "seconds") { let mult_ns = "1000000000" }
if str_eq(unit, "minute") { let mult_ns = "60000000000" }
if str_eq(unit, "minutes") { let mult_ns = "60000000000" }
if str_eq(unit, "hour") { let mult_ns = "3600000000000" }
if str_eq(unit, "hours") { let mult_ns = "3600000000000" }
if str_eq(unit, "day") { let mult_ns = "86400000000000" }
if str_eq(unit, "days") { let mult_ns = "86400000000000" }
return "(" + count + " * " + mult_ns + ")"
}
if kind == "Float" {
// JS numbers are already doubles no bit-cast trick needed.
let v: String = expr["value"]
return v
}
if kind == "Str" {
let v: String = expr["value"]
return js_str_lit(v)
}
if kind == "Bool" {
let v: String = expr["value"]
if v == "true" { return "true" }
return "false"
}
if kind == "Nil" {
return "null"
}
if kind == "Ident" {
let name: String = expr["name"]
return name
}
if kind == "Not" {
let inner = expr["inner"]
let inner_c: String = js_cg_expr(inner)
return "!" + inner_c
}
if kind == "Neg" {
let inner = expr["inner"]
let inner_c: String = js_cg_expr(inner)
return "(-" + inner_c + ")"
}
if kind == "BinOp" {
let op: String = expr["op"]
let left = expr["left"]
let right = expr["right"]
let left_c: String = js_cg_expr(left)
let right_c: String = js_cg_expr(right)
let left_kind: String = left["expr"]
let right_kind: String = right["expr"]
// Plus dispatch same shape as C backend, but we route through
// el_str_concat for the string-concat path (its JS impl coerces
// and matches C's behavior). Arithmetic uses bare JS `+`.
if op == "Plus" {
if left_kind == "Str" {
return "el_str_concat(" + left_c + ", " + right_c + ")"
}
if right_kind == "Str" {
return "el_str_concat(" + left_c + ", " + right_c + ")"
}
if left_kind == "Int" {
return "(" + left_c + " + " + right_c + ")"
}
if right_kind == "Int" {
return "(" + left_c + " + " + right_c + ")"
}
if left_kind == "Ident" {
if right_kind == "Ident" {
let lname: String = left["name"]
let rname: String = right["name"]
if js_is_int_name(lname) {
if js_is_int_name(rname) {
return "(" + left_c + " + " + right_c + ")"
}
}
}
}
if left_kind == "Ident" {
if right_kind == "Call" {
let lname: String = left["name"]
if js_is_int_name(lname) {
if js_is_int_call(right) {
return "(" + left_c + " + " + right_c + ")"
}
}
}
}
if right_kind == "Ident" {
if left_kind == "Call" {
let rname: String = right["name"]
if js_is_int_name(rname) {
if js_is_int_call(left) {
return "(" + left_c + " + " + right_c + ")"
}
}
}
}
if left_kind == "Call" {
if right_kind == "Call" {
if js_is_int_call(left) {
if js_is_int_call(right) {
return "(" + left_c + " + " + right_c + ")"
}
}
}
return "el_str_concat(" + left_c + ", " + right_c + ")"
}
if right_kind == "Call" {
return "el_str_concat(" + left_c + ", " + right_c + ")"
}
// Fallback: when in doubt, route through el_str_concat. JS's
// own + handles strings and numbers natively, but el_str_concat
// gives us a single point of control if behavior needs to diverge.
if left_kind == "Ident" {
return "el_str_concat(" + left_c + ", " + right_c + ")"
}
if right_kind == "Ident" {
return "el_str_concat(" + left_c + ", " + right_c + ")"
}
}
// Equality dispatch C backend disambiguates via str_eq for
// strings and == for ints. JS does both with === if we know
// the types are uniform; for ambiguous identifier pairs we
// route through str_eq for safety (it falls back to === in JS).
if op == "EqEq" {
if left_kind == "Int" { return "(" + left_c + " === " + right_c + ")" }
if right_kind == "Int" { return "(" + left_c + " === " + right_c + ")" }
if left_kind == "Bool" { return "(" + left_c + " === " + right_c + ")" }
if right_kind == "Bool" { return "(" + left_c + " === " + right_c + ")" }
if left_kind == "Nil" { return "(" + left_c + " === " + right_c + ")" }
if right_kind == "Nil" { return "(" + left_c + " === " + right_c + ")" }
if left_kind == "Ident" {
if right_kind == "Ident" {
let lname: String = left["name"]
let rname: String = right["name"]
if js_is_int_name(lname) {
if js_is_int_name(rname) {
return "(" + left_c + " === " + right_c + ")"
}
}
}
}
if left_kind == "Str" { return "str_eq(" + left_c + ", " + right_c + ")" }
if right_kind == "Str" { return "str_eq(" + left_c + ", " + right_c + ")" }
// Default: === (works for strings, numbers, bools in JS)
return "(" + left_c + " === " + right_c + ")"
}
if op == "NotEq" {
if left_kind == "Int" { return "(" + left_c + " !== " + right_c + ")" }
if right_kind == "Int" { return "(" + left_c + " !== " + right_c + ")" }
if left_kind == "Bool" { return "(" + left_c + " !== " + right_c + ")" }
if right_kind == "Bool" { return "(" + left_c + " !== " + right_c + ")" }
if left_kind == "Nil" { return "(" + left_c + " !== " + right_c + ")" }
if right_kind == "Nil" { return "(" + left_c + " !== " + right_c + ")" }
if left_kind == "Ident" {
if right_kind == "Ident" {
let lname: String = left["name"]
let rname: String = right["name"]
if js_is_int_name(lname) {
if js_is_int_name(rname) {
return "(" + left_c + " !== " + right_c + ")"
}
}
}
}
if left_kind == "Str" { return "!str_eq(" + left_c + ", " + right_c + ")" }
if right_kind == "Str" { return "!str_eq(" + left_c + ", " + right_c + ")" }
return "(" + left_c + " !== " + right_c + ")"
}
let op_c: String = js_binop(op)
return "(" + left_c + " " + op_c + " " + right_c + ")"
}
if kind == "Call" {
let func = expr["func"]
let args = expr["args"]
let arity: Int = native_list_len(args)
let func_kind: String = func["expr"]
let args_c = ""
let i = 0
while i < arity {
let arg = native_list_get(args, i)
let arg_c: String = js_cg_expr(arg)
if i > 0 {
let args_c = args_c + ", "
}
let args_c = args_c + arg_c
let i = i + 1
}
if func_kind == "Ident" {
let fn_name: String = func["name"]
return fn_name + "(" + args_c + ")"
}
if func_kind == "Field" {
// El's `obj.method(args)` becomes `method(obj, args)` same
// convention as the C backend. The runtime exports method
// shortforms (append, len, get, map_get, map_set) that match.
let obj = func["object"]
let field: String = func["field"]
let obj_c: String = js_cg_expr(obj)
if arity > 0 {
return field + "(" + obj_c + ", " + args_c + ")"
}
return field + "(" + obj_c + ")"
}
let fn_c: String = js_cg_expr(func)
return fn_c + "(" + args_c + ")"
}
if kind == "Field" {
// El's `obj.foo` becomes JS `obj["foo"]` works on plain objects
// (maps) and on JS objects with prototype. el_get_field is a
// runtime helper for callers that want EL_NULL on missing keys.
let obj = expr["object"]
let field: String = expr["field"]
let obj_c: String = js_cg_expr(obj)
return "el_get_field(" + obj_c + ", " + js_str_lit(field) + ")"
}
if kind == "Index" {
// Map vs list dispatch on the index expression kind, same as C.
let obj = expr["object"]
let idx = expr["index"]
let obj_c: String = js_cg_expr(obj)
let idx_c: String = js_cg_expr(idx)
let idx_kind: String = idx["expr"]
if str_eq(idx_kind, "Str") {
return "el_get_field(" + obj_c + ", " + idx_c + ")"
}
return "el_list_get(" + obj_c + ", " + idx_c + ")"
}
if kind == "Array" {
let elems = expr["elems"]
let n: Int = native_list_len(elems)
if n == 0 { return "[]" }
let items = ""
let i = 0
while i < n {
let elem = native_list_get(elems, i)
let elem_c: String = js_cg_expr(elem)
if i > 0 {
let items = items + ", "
}
let items = items + elem_c
let i = i + 1
}
return "[" + items + "]"
}
if kind == "Map" {
let pairs = expr["pairs"]
let n: Int = native_list_len(pairs)
if n == 0 { return "{}" }
let items = ""
let i = 0
while i < n {
let pair = native_list_get(pairs, i)
let key: String = pair["key"]
let val = pair["value"]
let val_c: String = js_cg_expr(val)
if i > 0 {
let items = items + ", "
}
let items = items + js_str_lit(key) + ": " + val_c
let i = i + 1
}
return "{" + items + "}"
}
if kind == "Try" {
let inner = expr["inner"]
return js_cg_expr(inner)
}
if kind == "If" {
let cond = expr["cond"]
let cond_c: String = js_cg_expr(cond)
// If as expression: ternary. Body of the if-expression is not
// currently emitted as expression-form for compound bodies; this
// matches the C backend's if-expr stub.
return "(" + cond_c + " ? 1 : 0)"
}
if kind == "Match" {
return js_cg_match(expr)
}
"null"
}
// Match codegen (basic)
//
// Lower a match expression to an IIFE with if/else chain. Works for
// LitInt / LitStr / LitBool / Wildcard / Binding patterns. Tagged-union
// destructuring is not implemented it's stubbed and falls through to
// the wildcard path.
fn js_next_match_id() -> String {
let csv: String = state_get("__js_match_counter")
let n = 0
if !str_eq(csv, "") {
let n = str_to_int(csv)
}
let n = n + 1
state_set("__js_match_counter", native_int_to_str(n))
native_int_to_str(n)
}
fn js_cg_match(expr: Map<String, Any>) -> String {
let subject = expr["subject"]
let arms = expr["arms"]
let subj_c: String = js_cg_expr(subject)
let id: String = js_next_match_id()
let subj_var: String = "_match_subj_" + id
let out: String = "((" + subj_var + ") => { "
let n: Int = native_list_len(arms)
let i = 0
while i < n {
let arm = native_list_get(arms, i)
let pat = arm["pattern"]
let body = arm["body"]
let pkind: String = pat["pattern"]
let body_c: String = js_cg_expr(body)
if str_eq(pkind, "Wildcard") {
let out = out + "return (" + body_c + "); "
} else {
if str_eq(pkind, "Binding") {
let bname: String = pat["name"]
let out = out + "{ const " + bname + " = " + subj_var + "; return (" + body_c + "); } "
} else {
if str_eq(pkind, "LitInt") {
let v: String = pat["value"]
let out = out + "if (" + subj_var + " === " + v + ") return (" + body_c + "); "
} else {
if str_eq(pkind, "LitStr") {
let v: String = pat["value"]
let out = out + "if (str_eq(" + subj_var + ", " + js_str_lit(v) + ")) return (" + body_c + "); "
} else {
if str_eq(pkind, "LitBool") {
let v: String = pat["value"]
let bv = "false"
if str_eq(v, "true") { let bv = "true" }
let out = out + "if (" + subj_var + " === " + bv + ") return (" + body_c + "); "
} else {
// unknown pattern wildcard
let out = out + "return (" + body_c + "); "
}
}
}
}
}
let i = i + 1
}
let out = out + "return null; })(" + subj_c + ")"
out
}
// Variable scope tracking
//
// El allows `let x = ...` to redeclare in the same scope. JS would throw
// with `let` (Identifier already declared). We track declared names and
// emit bare `x = ...` on redeclaration, `let x = ...` first time.
fn js_list_contains(lst: [String], s: String) -> Bool {
let n: Int = native_list_len(lst)
let i = 0
while i < n {
let item: String = native_list_get(lst, i)
if item == s { return true }
let i = i + 1
}
false
}
// Statement codegen
fn js_cg_stmt(stmt: Map<String, Any>, indent: String, declared: [String]) -> [String] {
let kind: String = stmt["stmt"]
if kind == "Let" {
let name: String = stmt["name"]
let val = stmt["value"]
let val_c: String = js_cg_expr(val)
let ltype: String = stmt["type"]
if str_eq(ltype, "Int") {
js_add_int_name(name)
}
let vk: String = val["expr"]
if str_eq(vk, "Int") {
js_add_int_name(name)
}
if js_list_contains(declared, name) {
js_emit_line(indent + name + " = " + val_c + ";")
return declared
} else {
// Use `let` (not `const`) El semantics allow rebinding.
js_emit_line(indent + "let " + name + " = " + val_c + ";")
return native_list_append(declared, name)
}
}
if kind == "Return" {
let val = stmt["value"]
let val_kind: String = val["expr"]
if val_kind == "Nil" {
js_emit_line(indent + "return null;")
} else {
let val_c: String = js_cg_expr(val)
js_emit_line(indent + "return " + val_c + ";")
}
return declared
}
// Bare reassignment: `name = expr`. Mirrors the C backend emits a
// plain JS assignment without `let` so we don't shadow an outer binding.
if kind == "Assign" {
let name: String = stmt["name"]
let val = stmt["value"]
let val_c: String = js_cg_expr(val)
js_emit_line(indent + name + " = " + val_c + ";")
return declared
}
if kind == "Expr" {
let val = stmt["value"]
let val_kind: String = val["expr"]
if val_kind == "If" {
js_cg_if_stmt(val, indent, declared)
return declared
}
if val_kind == "For" {
js_cg_for_stmt(val, indent, declared)
return declared
}
let val_c: String = js_cg_expr(val)
js_emit_line(indent + val_c + ";")
return declared
}
if kind == "While" {
let cond = stmt["cond"]
let body = stmt["body"]
let cond_c: String = js_cg_expr(cond)
let cond_c = js_strip_outer_parens(cond_c)
js_emit_line(indent + "while (" + cond_c + ") {")
js_cg_stmts(body, indent + " ", native_list_clone(declared))
js_emit_line(indent + "}")
return declared
}
if kind == "For" {
let item: String = stmt["item"]
let list_expr = stmt["list"]
let body = stmt["body"]
js_cg_for_body(item, list_expr, body, indent, declared)
return declared
}
if kind == "FnDef" { return declared }
if kind == "TypeDef" { return declared }
if kind == "EnumDef" { return declared }
if kind == "Import" { return declared }
if kind == "CgiBlock" {
// CGI blocks compile to a no-op + warning comment in JS target.
// The runtime cgi identity is server-side; UI code is not a CGI
// principal. See spec/codegen-js.md §7.
let cname: String = stmt["name"]
js_emit_line(indent + "// cgi block '" + cname + "' — no-op in JS target (server-side concept)")
return declared
}
if kind == "ServiceBlock" {
let sname: String = stmt["name"]
js_emit_line(indent + "// service block '" + sname + "' — no-op in JS target")
return declared
}
declared
}
// Strip a single layer of surrounding parentheses from a JS expression string.
fn js_strip_outer_parens(s: String) -> String {
let chars: [String] = native_string_chars(s)
let n: Int = native_list_len(chars)
if n < 2 { return s }
let first: String = native_list_get(chars, 0)
let last: String = native_list_get(chars, n - 1)
if first == "(" {
if last == ")" {
let depth = 1
let i = 1
let balanced = true
while i < n - 1 {
let ch: String = native_list_get(chars, i)
if ch == "(" {
let depth = depth + 1
}
if ch == ")" {
let depth = depth - 1
if depth == 0 {
let balanced = false
let i = n
}
}
let i = i + 1
}
if balanced {
let inner = ""
let j = 1
while j < n - 1 {
let ch: String = native_list_get(chars, j)
let inner = inner + ch
let j = j + 1
}
return inner
}
}
}
s
}
fn js_cg_if_stmt(expr: Map<String, Any>, indent: String, declared: [String]) -> Void {
let cond = expr["cond"]
let then_stmts = expr["then"]
let else_stmts = expr["else"]
let has_else: Bool = expr["has_else"]
let cond_c: String = js_cg_expr(cond)
let cond_c = js_strip_outer_parens(cond_c)
js_emit_line(indent + "if (" + cond_c + ") {")
js_cg_stmts(then_stmts, indent + " ", native_list_clone(declared))
if has_else {
js_emit_line(indent + "} else {")
js_cg_stmts(else_stmts, indent + " ", native_list_clone(declared))
}
js_emit_line(indent + "}")
}
fn js_cg_for_body(item: String, list_expr: Map<String, Any>, body: [Map<String, Any>], indent: String, declared: [String]) -> Void {
let list_c: String = js_cg_expr(list_expr)
js_emit_line(indent + "for (const " + item + " of " + list_c + ") {")
let body_decl = native_list_clone(declared)
let body_decl = native_list_append(body_decl, item)
js_cg_stmts(body, indent + " ", body_decl)
js_emit_line(indent + "}")
}
fn js_cg_for_stmt(expr: Map<String, Any>, indent: String, declared: [String]) -> Void {
let item: String = expr["item"]
let list_expr = expr["list"]
let body = expr["body"]
js_cg_for_body(item, list_expr, body, indent, declared)
}
fn js_cg_stmts(stmts: [Map<String, Any>], indent: String, declared: [String]) -> [String] {
let n: Int = native_list_len(stmts)
let i = 0
let decl = declared
while i < n {
let stmt = native_list_get(stmts, i)
let decl = js_cg_stmt(stmt, indent, decl)
let i = i + 1
}
decl
}
// Function declaration codegen
fn js_params_str(params: [Map<String, Any>]) -> String {
let n: Int = native_list_len(params)
if n == 0 { return "" }
let out = ""
let i = 0
while i < n {
let param = native_list_get(params, i)
let name: String = param["name"]
if i > 0 {
let out = out + ", "
}
let out = out + name
let i = i + 1
}
out
}
// Same implicit-return transform as the C backend.
fn js_transform_implicit_return(body: [Map<String, Any>]) -> [Map<String, Any>] {
let n: Int = native_list_len(body)
if n == 0 { return body }
let last: Map<String, Any> = native_list_get(body, n - 1)
let last_kind: String = last["stmt"]
if last_kind == "Expr" {
let val = last["value"]
let val_kind: String = val["expr"]
if val_kind == "If" { return body }
if val_kind == "For" { return body }
let new_body: [Map<String, Any>] = native_list_empty()
let i = 0
while i < n - 1 {
let new_body = native_list_append(new_body, native_list_get(body, i))
let i = i + 1
}
let return_stmt: Map<String, Any> = { "stmt": "Return", "value": val }
let new_body = native_list_append(new_body, return_stmt)
return new_body
}
body
}
fn js_cg_fn(stmt: Map<String, Any>) -> Void {
let fn_name: String = stmt["name"]
let params = stmt["params"]
let body = stmt["body"]
let ret_type: String = stmt["ret_type"]
let params_str: String = js_params_str(params)
js_build_int_names_for_params(params)
// Special-case `fn main` emit as a regular function and call it
// at module bottom (after all top-level statements). This matches
// the C backend's behavior where `fn main` is the entry point.
if fn_name == "main" {
js_emit_line("function main(" + params_str + ") {")
} else {
js_emit_line("function " + fn_name + "(" + params_str + ") {")
}
let decl = native_list_empty()
let np: Int = native_list_len(params)
let pi = 0
while pi < np {
let param = native_list_get(params, pi)
let pname: String = param["name"]
let decl = native_list_append(decl, pname)
let pi = pi + 1
}
let body_xformed = body
if !str_eq(ret_type, "Void") {
let body_xformed = js_transform_implicit_return(body)
}
js_cg_stmts(body_xformed, " ", decl)
js_emit_line("}")
js_emit_blank()
}
// Top-level codegen
fn js_is_fndef(stmt: Map<String, Any>) -> Bool {
let kind: String = stmt["stmt"]
if kind == "FnDef" { return true }
false
}
fn js_is_top_level_decl(stmt: Map<String, Any>) -> Bool {
let kind: String = stmt["stmt"]
if kind == "TypeDef" { return true }
if kind == "EnumDef" { return true }
if kind == "Import" { return true }
if kind == "CgiBlock" { return true }
if kind == "ServiceBlock" { return true }
false
}
// Entry point
fn codegen_js(stmts: [Map<String, Any>], source: String) -> String {
// Reset per-compile state.
state_set("__js_int_names", "")
state_set("__js_match_counter", "")
// Preamble: inline the runtime via a single import that side-effects
// globalThis. The runtime path is resolved relative to the generated
// output; users running `elc --target=js` are responsible for ensuring
// el_runtime.js is reachable. For self-contained output, the runtime
// could be inlined; that is a follow-up.
js_emit_line("// Generated by elc --target=js")
js_emit_line("// Runtime: foundation/el/el-compiler/runtime/el_runtime.js")
js_emit_line("import \"./el_runtime.js\";")
js_emit_line("const {")
js_emit_line(" println, print, el_str_concat, str_concat, str_eq, str_starts_with, str_ends_with,")
js_emit_line(" str_len, int_to_str, str_to_int, str_slice, str_contains, str_replace,")
js_emit_line(" str_to_upper, str_to_lower, str_trim, str_index_of, str_split, str_char_at,")
js_emit_line(" str_char_code, str_lower, str_upper, el_abs, el_max, el_min,")
js_emit_line(" el_list_new, el_list_len, el_list_get, el_list_append, el_list_empty, el_list_clone,")
js_emit_line(" list_push, list_join, list_range,")
js_emit_line(" el_map_new, el_get_field, el_map_get, el_map_set,")
js_emit_line(" http_get, http_post, http_post_json,")
js_emit_line(" fs_read, fs_write, fs_list,")
js_emit_line(" json_parse, json_stringify, json_get, json_get_string, json_get_int,")
js_emit_line(" time_now, time_now_utc, sleep_ms, bool_to_str, exit_program,")
js_emit_line(" el_retain, el_release,")
js_emit_line(" append, len, get, map_get, map_set,")
js_emit_line(" native_list_get, native_list_len, native_list_append, native_list_empty,")
js_emit_line(" native_list_clone, native_string_chars, native_int_to_str,")
js_emit_line(" args, state_set, state_get, state_del, state_keys, env,")
js_emit_line(" dharma_connect, dharma_send, dharma_emit, dharma_field, dharma_activate,")
js_emit_line(" engram_node, engram_search, engram_activate,")
js_emit_line(" llm_call, llm_call_system,")
js_emit_line("} = globalThis.__el;")
js_emit_blank()
// Function definitions
let n: Int = native_list_len(stmts)
let i = 0
while i < n {
let stmt = native_list_get(stmts, i)
if js_is_fndef(stmt) {
js_cg_fn(stmt)
}
let i = i + 1
}
// Top-level statements (those that are not FnDef and not declarative)
// run at module load. If the program defines `fn main`, we additionally
// call main() at the end so the C-backend mental model of "fn main is
// the entry point" carries over.
let has_main = false
let i = 0
while i < n {
let stmt = native_list_get(stmts, i)
let sk: String = stmt["stmt"]
if str_eq(sk, "FnDef") {
let fn_name: String = stmt["name"]
if str_eq(fn_name, "main") {
let has_main = true
}
}
let i = i + 1
}
let main_decl = native_list_empty()
let i = 0
while i < n {
let stmt = native_list_get(stmts, i)
if js_is_fndef(stmt) {
// skip
} else {
if js_is_top_level_decl(stmt) {
// skip
} else {
let main_decl = js_cg_stmt(stmt, "", main_decl)
}
}
let i = i + 1
}
if has_main {
js_emit_blank()
js_emit_line("main();")
}
// Return empty string output was streamed via println
""
}
// compiler.el el self-hosting compiler pipeline
//
// Wires lexer -> parser -> codegen into a single compile() function.
// This is the bootstrap entry point: compiled once by the Rust el-compiler,
// then self-hosted from that point forward.
//
// Two backends:
// - C (default) compile() -> emits C source linked against el_runtime.c
// - JS (--target=js) compile_js() -> emits JS source linked against el_runtime.js
//
// Compile the C output with:
// cc -o <prog> <prog>.c el_runtime.c
//
// Run the JS output with:
// node <prog>.js (after copying el_runtime.js next to it)
// compile full pipeline (C target): source string -> C source string
fn compile(source: String) -> String {
let tokens: [Map<String, Any>] = lex(source)
let stmts: [Map<String, Any>] = parse(tokens)
// Token list is no longer needed after parsing release it to free memory
// before codegen allocates its own working data on large source files.
el_release(tokens)
codegen(stmts, source)
}
// compile_js full pipeline (JS target): source string -> JS source string
fn compile_js(source: String) -> String {
let tokens: [Map<String, Any>] = lex(source)
let stmts: [Map<String, Any>] = parse(tokens)
// Token list is no longer needed after parsing release it to free memory.
el_release(tokens)
codegen_js(stmts, source)
}
// compile_dispatch pick a backend based on the requested target.
// tgt = "c" | "js"
// (The parameter is named `tgt` because `target` is a reserved keyword
// in El's lexer it would be tokenised as `Target`, breaking the
// parser's identifier resolution.)
fn compile_dispatch(tgt: String, source: String) -> String {
if str_eq(tgt, "js") { return compile_js(source) }
compile(source)
}
// Detect a `--target=<lang>` flag in argv and return the target.
// Returns "c" if none specified or unrecognized.
fn detect_target(argv: [String]) -> String {
let n: Int = native_list_len(argv)
let i = 0
while i < n {
let a: String = native_list_get(argv, i)
if str_starts_with(a, "--target=") {
let v: String = str_slice(a, 9, str_len(a))
return v
}
let i = i + 1
}
return "c"
}
// Strip flags from argv, leaving only positional arguments.
fn strip_flags(argv: [String]) -> [String] {
let out: [String] = native_list_empty()
let n: Int = native_list_len(argv)
let i = 0
while i < n {
let a: String = native_list_get(argv, i)
if !str_starts_with(a, "--") {
let out = native_list_append(out, a)
}
let i = i + 1
}
return out
}
// Import resolution
//
// elc supports two forms of import:
// import "path/to/file.el" quoted relative path
// from module import { Name } bare module name resolves to module.el
// in the entry source's directory
//
// Codegen treats Import statements as no-ops (declarations only), so to
// actually link bodies across files we textually concatenate every imported
// source ahead of the entry source before lex/parse. resolve_imports does a
// depth-first traversal with deduplication so any module that gets pulled in
// transitively is included exactly once.
fn dirname_of(path: String) -> String {
let n: Int = str_len(path)
let i: Int = n - 1
while i >= 0 {
let c: String = str_slice(path, i, i + 1)
if str_eq(c, "/") {
return str_slice(path, 0, i)
}
let i = i - 1
}
return "."
}
// Extract the resolved file path from a single trimmed source line. Returns
// "" if the line is not an import.
fn parse_import_line(trimmed: String, dir: String) -> String {
if str_starts_with(trimmed, "import \"") {
let after: String = str_slice(trimmed, 8, str_len(trimmed))
let q: Int = str_index_of(after, "\"")
if q > 0 {
let mod: String = str_slice(after, 0, q)
return dir + "/" + mod
}
}
if str_starts_with(trimmed, "from ") {
let after: String = str_slice(trimmed, 5, str_len(trimmed))
// module name is the first whitespace-delimited token
let sp: Int = str_index_of(after, " ")
if sp > 0 {
let mod_raw: String = str_slice(after, 0, sp)
let mod: String = str_trim(mod_raw)
if !str_eq(mod, "") {
return dir + "/" + mod + ".el"
}
}
}
return ""
}
// Recursively resolve imports starting from src_path. Returns the combined
// source text with every imported module's body inlined ahead of the entry
// source, deduplicated by absolute path. Uses state_set to track which paths
// have already been pulled in for this run.
fn resolve_imports(src_path: String) -> String {
let seen_key: String = "__elc_imp__:" + src_path
let already: String = state_get(seen_key)
if !str_eq(already, "") { return "" }
state_set(seen_key, "1")
let source: String = fs_read(src_path)
let dir: String = dirname_of(src_path)
let lines: [String] = str_split(source, "\n")
let n: Int = native_list_len(lines)
// First pass: pull in every import body ahead of this file's body.
let prefix: String = ""
let body: String = ""
let i: Int = 0
while i < n {
let line: String = native_list_get(lines, i)
let trimmed: String = str_trim(line)
let imp_path: String = parse_import_line(trimmed, dir)
if !str_eq(imp_path, "") {
let prefix = prefix + resolve_imports(imp_path)
} else {
let body = body + line + "\n"
}
let i = i + 1
}
return prefix + body
}
// main CLI entry point.
//
// elc <source.el> # emit C to stdout
// elc --target=js <source.el> # emit JS to stdout
// elc --target=c <source.el> <out.c> # write C to file
// elc --target=js <source.el> <out.js> # write JS to file
fn main() -> Void {
let argv: [String] = args()
// Use `tgt` not `target`: `target` is a reserved keyword in the lexer
// (Section 1.5 of the language spec). detect_target itself is fine
// because the function-name position has no token-class restriction.
let tgt: String = detect_target(argv)
let positional: [String] = strip_flags(argv)
let argc: Int = native_list_len(positional)
if argc < 1 {
println("el-compiler: usage: elc [--target=c|js] <source.el> [<output>]")
exit(1)
}
let src_path: String = native_list_get(positional, 0)
let source: String = resolve_imports(src_path)
let out: String = compile_dispatch(tgt, source)
if argc >= 2 {
let out_path: String = native_list_get(positional, 1)
let ok: Bool = fs_write(out_path, out)
if ok {
exit(0)
} else {
println("el-compiler: failed to write output")
exit(1)
}
}
// No output path: codegen streamed to stdout already; out is "".
}